Table 2.

Synchronous and asynchronous views of channel conflict

(a) Synchronous View
Channel Objectives	• Minimizing and eliminating conflict.	Reve and Stern 1979; Stern et al. 1973; Thompson 1960.
	• Maximization of own performance via conflict reduction.	Jeuland and Shugan 1983.
Conflict Characteristics	• Negative phenomenon; Dysfunctional.	Brown and Frazier 1978; Dixon and Layton 1971; Geyskens et al.1999; Mohr et al. 1996; Vosgerau et al. 2008.
	• Conflict is a lack of coordination.	Jeuland and Shugan 1983; Pearson 1973; Pearson and Monoky 1976.
	• Conflict is viewed mostly as an outcome, not a dynamic process.	Geyskens et al.1999; Palmatier et al. 2007.
Managerial Approach	• Governance- and design-oriented.	Ghosh and John 2012; Levy and Grant 1980; Robbins et al. 1982; Schul et al. 1983; Thompson 1960.
	• Forward-looking orientation; No real-time intervention.	Kaufmann and Rangan 1990; Schul et al.1983.
	• Dominated by legal ordering approaches to conflict resolution such as litigation and arbitration; Mostly focused on hierarchical governance.	Weigand and Wasson 1974; Winsor et al. 2012.
(b) Asynchronous View
Channel Objectives	• Maximizing joint performance; Mutual satisfying results.	Anderson and Narus 1990; Haitao Cui et al. 2007; Dommermuth 1976; Frazier et al. 1989; Litterer 1966; Mallen 1967; Rosenberg 1974.
	• A win-win outcome is a focus.	Dommermuth 1976; Rose and Shoham 2004; Rosenberg 1974.
Conflict Characteristics	• Positive or negative phenomenon; Functional and dysfunctional.	Cadotte and Stern 1979; Dommermuth, 1976; Eliashberg and Mitchie 1984; Etgar 1979; Koza and Dant 2007; Lucas and Gresham 1985; Menon et al. 1996; Rosenbloom 1973; Van der Maelen et al. 2017.
	• Conflict and cooperation are distinct constructs.	Alter 1990; Etgar 1979; Frazier 1999; Skinner et al. 1992; Stern and Heskett 1969.
	• Conflict is viewed mostly as a process and mediator.	Dwyer et al. 1987; Lengers et al. 2015; Pondy 1967; Rosenberg and Stern 1971; Runyan et al. 2010; Thomas 1976.
Managerial Approach	• Sense and respond; Based on learning and evolution.	Chang and Gotcher 2010; Hunt 1996.
	• Retrospective oriented; Real-time intervention is allowed.	Hunt 1996; Rosenberg 1974.
	• Use of bilaterally oriented conflict resolution strategies such as problem-solving and negotiation; Mostly focused on relational governance.	Angelmar and Stern 1978; Chang and Gotcher 2010; Mohr and Spekman 1994; Roering 1977; Rosenberg 1974; Walker 1971.

To conserve space, we list the references in this table in the Web Appendix F