Table 2.
DASS-21 indicators at baseline and post-intervention by intervention and control group.
| Baseline | After intervention | Mean/ percentage difference | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention group | ||||
| Depression scale (mean, SD)* | 11.0 (3.30) | 7.98 (2.42) | −3.06 (3.68) | <0.001 |
| Anxiety scale (mean, SD)* | 17.1 (4.44) | 10.3 (3.70) | −6.81 (5.16) | <0.001 |
| Stress scale (mean, SD)* | 16.8 (3.59) | 13.1 (3.44) | −3.72 (3.52) | <0.001 |
| Total DASS-21 (mean, SD)* | 45.0 (8.50) | 31.4 (7.42) | −13.6 (8.53) | <0.001 |
| Depression level (n, %)# | ||||
| Normal | 19 (40.4) | 37 (78.7) | +18 (+38.3) | <0.001 |
| Mild | 18 (38.3) | 9 (19.2) | −9 (−19.1) | 0.04 |
| Moderate | 9 (19.2) | 1 (2.13) | −8 (−17.1) | 0.007 |
| Severe | 1 (2.13) | 0 | −1 (−2.13) | 0.31 |
| Extremely severe | 0 | 0 | 0 | – |
| Anxiety level (n, %)# | ||||
| Normal | 4 (8.50) | 22 (46.8) | +18 (+38.3) | <0.001 |
| Mild | 0 | 1 (2.13) | +1 (+2.13) | 0.31 |
| Moderate | 5 (10.6) | 17 (36.2) | +12 (+25.6) | 0.004 |
| Severe | 21 (44.7) | 7 (14.9) | −14 (−29.8) | 0.002 |
| Extremely severe | 17 (36.2) | 0 | −17 (−36.2) | <0.001 |
| Stress level (n, %)# | ||||
| Normal | 13 (27.7) | 29 (61.7) | +13 (+34.0) | <0.001 |
| Mild | 20 (43.6) | 15 (31.9) | −4 (−11.7) | 0.29 |
| Moderate | 11 (23.4) | 2 (4.26) | −9 (−19.1) | 0.007 |
| Severe | 3 (6.38) | 1 (2.13) | −2 (−4.25) | 0.31 |
| Extremely severe | 0 | 0 | 0 | – |
| Control group | ||||
| Depression scale (mean, SD)* | 10.1 (3.17) | 8.07 (2.06) | −2.00 (3.84) | 0.001 |
| Anxiety scale (mean, SD)* | 16.5 (4.81) | 11.2 (3.67) | −5.33 (4.91) | <0.001 |
| Stress scale (mean, SD)* | 17.1 (3.71) | 12.8 (2.47) | −4.28 (4.20) | <0.001 |
| Total DASS-21 (mean, SD)* | 43.7 (8.83) | 32.0 (6.45) | −11.6 (6.95) | <0.001 |
| Depression level (n, %)# | ||||
| Normal | 24 (52.2) | 34 (73.9) | +10 (+21.7) | 0.03 |
| Mild | 14 (30.4) | 12 (26.1) | −2 (−4.3) | 0.64 |
| Moderate | 8 (17.4) | 0 | −8 (−17.4) | 0.003 |
| Severe | 0 | 0 | 0 | – |
| Extremely severe | 0 | 0 | 0 | – |
| Anxiety level (n, %)# | ||||
| Normal | 5 (10.9) | 13 (28.3) | +8 (+17.4) | 0.04 |
| Mild | 0 | 4 (8.70) | +4 (+8.70) | 0.04 |
| Moderate | 11 (23.9) | 21 (45.7) | +10 (+21.8) | 0.04 |
| Severe | 17 (37.0) | 8 (17.4) | −9 (−19.6) | 0.03 |
| Extremely severe | 13 (28.3) | 0 | −13 (−28.3) | 0.001 |
| Stress level (n, %)# | ||||
| Normal | 12 (26.1) | 33 (71.7) | +11 (45.6) | <0.001 |
| Mild | 20 (43.5) | 12 (26.1) | −8 (−17.4) | 0.08 |
| Moderate | 11 (23.9) | 1 (2.17) | −10 (−21.7) | 0.002 |
| Severe | 3 (6.52) | 0 | −3 (−6.52) | 0.08 |
| Extremely severe | 0 | 0 | 0 | – |
*
The mean differences between baseline and after intervention were examined by two-sided t-test.
#
The proportion differences between baseline and after intervention were examined by proportion tests for intervention and control group.