Table 4. The neuropsychological tests of 46 study participants before and after HAART.
| Testing method | Group | Scores | 95% CI | F | Pa |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Digit symbol test | 1 | 47.91±6.56 | 45.96–49.86 | 8.949 | 0.000 |
| 2 | 52.57±6.95 | 50.50–54.63* | |||
| 3 | 50.96±6.08 | 49.15–52.76* | |||
| Trail making test | 1 | 78.63±16.00 | 73.88–83.38 | 1.931 | 0.165 |
| 2 | 73.09±15.77 | 68.41–77.77* | |||
| 3 | 72.89±18.10 | 67.52–78.27 | |||
| Arithmetic score | 1 | 7.83±1.10 | 7.50–8.15 | 31.803 | 0.000 |
| 2 | 10.94±2.40 | 10.22–11.65* | |||
| 3 | 10.20±2.33 | 9.50–10.89* | |||
| Digit span test | 1 | 10.30±2.56 | 9.54–11.07 | 9.847 | 0.000 |
| 2 | 12.48±1.52 | 12.03–12.93* | |||
| 3 | 11.96±3.18 | 11.01–12.90* | |||
| Wood puzzle | 1 | 18.61±1.97 | 18.02–19.19 | 103.849 | 0.000 |
| 2 | 28.35±2.85 | 27.50–29.19* | |||
| 3 | 21.96±4.47 | 20.63–23.26*# | |||
| Immediate visual memory | 1 | 9.39±1.20 | 9.04–9.75 | 64.032 | 0.000 |
| 2 | 12.59±1.34 | 12.19–12.99* | |||
| 3 | 11.35±1.35 | 10.95–11.75*# | |||
| Visual delayed memory | 1 | 6.17±1.00 | 5.88–6.47 | 134.382 | 0.000 |
| 2 | 10.96±1.19 | 10.60–11.31* | |||
| 3 | 8.00±1.84 | 7.45–8.55*# | |||
| Stroop C | 1 | 88.91±16.89 | 83.90–93.93 | 8.175 | 0.001 |
| 2 | 77.96±18.08 | 72.59–83.33* | |||
| 3 | 86.80±18.38 | 81.35–92.26# | |||
| Stroop CW | 1 | 106.59±19.66 | 100.75–112.43 | 15.175 | 0.000 |
| 2 | 92.54±19.40 | 86.78–98.30* | |||
| 3 | 100.00±17.90 | 94.68–105.32# | |||
| Vocabulary fluency | 1 | 8.98±0.98 | 8.69–9.27 | 121.347 | 0.000 |
| 2 | 16.76±2.09 | 16.14–17.38* | |||
| 3 | 11.65±3.37 | 10.65–12.65*# | |||
| Non-vocabulary fluency | 1 | 9.44±0.89 | 9.17–9.70 | 138.629 | 0.000 |
| 2 | 17.65±1.93 | 17.08–18.23* | |||
| 3 | 12.07±3.42 | 11.05–13.08*# | |||
| Concept fluency test | 1 | 9.57±0.98 | 9.27–9.86 | 61.589 | 0.000 |
| 2 | 16.02±3.66 | 14.94–17.11* | |||
| 3 | 12.13±3.20 | 11.18–13.08*# | |||
| WSCT persistent error | 1 | 2.24±1.84 | 1.69–2.79 | 48.746 | 0.000 |
| 2 | 0.20±0.40 | 0.08–0.32* | |||
| 3 | 0.26±0.49 | 0.12–0.41* | |||
| WCST classification | 1 | 5.39±1.14 | 5.05–5.73 | 14.082 | 0.000 |
| 2 | 4.52±1.03 | 4.22–4.83* | |||
| 3 | 4.57±0.93 | 4.29–4.84* |
Data are mean values ± standard deviation. Pa values for comparison among three groups (before HAART, after 6 months of HAART, and after 12 months of HAART). *, P<0.05 (compared with before HAART); #, P<0.05 (compared with 6 months of HAART). Group 1, without HAART, Group 2, 6 months of HAART, and Group 3, 12 months of HAART. CI, confidence interval; HAART, highly active antiretroviral therapy; WCST, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test.