Table 2.
Demographics of the main study cohort—Computed tomography-positive patients divided into patients with favorable outcome (Glasgow Outcome Scale—Extended 5–8) and unfavorable outcome (Glasgow Outcome Scale—Extended 1–4).
| Variable type | Variable |
Favorable outcome (n = 49) |
Unfavorable outcome (n = 33) |
p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic | Age (years, mean ± SD) | 44.69 ± 19.55 | 59.03 ± 18.67 | 0.001 | |
| Sex (male/female) | 37 (76%)/12 (24%) | 27 (82%)/6 (18%) | 0.505 | ||
| GCS (median [range]) | 14 (3–15) | 9 (3–15) | 0.001 | ||
| Pupil reactivity | Unreactive/sluggish/reactive | 3 (6%)/1 (2%)/38 (78%)a | 6 (18%)/2 (6%)/52 (70%)b | 0.075 | |
| ISS (median [range]) | 17 (1–41) | 24 (6–50) | 0.001 | ||
| Isolated TBI | 29 (60%) | 20 (61%) | 0.889 | ||
| Evacuated mass lesion | 12 (25%) | 12 (36%) | <0.001 | ||
| Hypoxia | 3 (6%)c | 3 (9%)d | 0.608 | ||
| Hypotension | 2 (4%) | 1 (3%) | 0.813 | ||
| Hypoglycemia | 0 (0%)e | 0 (0%)f | – | ||
| Anemia | 2 (4%) | 1 (3%) | 0.800 | ||
| Admitted to hospital | 44 (90%) | 32 (98%) | 0.226 | ||
| Outcome | Complete recovery (GOSE 8) | 10 (20%) | 0 (0%) | 0.005 | |
| Incomplete recovery (GOSE 1–7) | 39 (80%) | 33 (100%) | 0.005 | ||
| TBI-related deaths | 0 (0%) | 11 (33%) | 0.001 | ||
| HCTS | Mass lesion types | Subdural hematoma | 27 (55%) | 26 (79%) | 0.028 |
| Intracerebral hematoma | 27 (55%) | 26 (79%) | 0.028 | ||
| Epidural hematoma | 7 (14%) | 4 (12%) | 0.781 | ||
| Mass lesion size >25 cm3 | 10 (20%) | 16 (49%) | 0.007 | ||
| Intraventricular hemorrhage | 9 (18%) | 12 (36%) | 0.069 | ||
| Suprasellar cisterns | Normal | 33 (67%) | 14 (42%) | <0.001 | |
| Compressed | 13 (27%) | 18 (54%) | 0.010 | ||
| Obliterated | 3 (6%) | 1 (3%) | 0.031 | ||
| Sum (median [range]) | 3 (−3 to 14) | 5 (0–10) | 0.004 |
Statistically significant p-values are in bold. SD, standard deviation; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; ISS, Injury Severity Score; Isolated TBI, traumatic brain injury without concomitant extracerebral injuries; Hypoxia, event of hypoxia after injury; Hypotension, event of hypotension after injury; Anemia, anemia after injury; TBI, traumatic brain injury; GOSE, Glasgow Outcome Scale—Extended; HCTS, Helsinki Computed Tomography Score.
Data missing on seven patients.
Data missing on two patients.
Data missing on four patients.
Data missing on three patients.
Data missing on two patients.
Data missing on one patient.