Table 1.

Information technology based approaches employed in the response phase of the COVID-19 management.

IT types	Applications according to literature	Example	References
Bioinformatics systems	✓Help to Drug discovery by various methods such as: •To identify existence therapeutic agents •Rapid detection of COVID-19 •classifying and tracing the genomic sequence of COVID-19 •the discovery of COVID-19 antiviral and potential protein targets ✓Help to diagnosis	*In Italy, virtual screening of FDA approved databases indicated some of the HIV protease inhibitors might be useful in COVID-19 treatment * chemical-informatics approach by integrating different ligand-based drug design strategies of some in-house chemicals was developed to help in the process of drug discovery in India * Modeller's version 9.11 was used to probe the molecular architecture of SARS-CoV-2 3CL and comparative homology modeling in China, as well, by using version 0.6 of MEGA software and the ProtParam tool, similar sequences and instability indices identified * In China, Isothermal LAMP-based method-iLACO adopted for rapid colorimetric detection of 2019-Novel Coronavirus RNA viruses) * web-based Genome Detective software used to help in immediate and accurate diagnosis of COVID-19. Moreover, the use of the mentioned system has the potential to characterize new mutations of viral	[[40], [41], [42], [43], [44], [45], [46], [47], [48], [49], [50], [51], [52], [53], [54], [55], [56], [57]]
Artificial intelligence/deep learning and Machin learning	✓Diagnosis ✓practical surveillance in quick detection and diagnosis of infection prediction ✓improving the CT diagnosis speed for each case even in some cases better than RT-PCR screening ✓early infection detection ✓to help physicians in quick diagnosis and judgment by the accurate screening of COVID-19 ✓AI tracking platform is interfaced hospitals for sharing information ✓Therapeutic monitoring ✓projection of infected individuals and mortality ✓drug discovery ✓traffic management ✓logistics supply chain ✓provides self-registration and crowd management modules for high-risk populations ✓to protect health care workers by giving information and alarming about COVID-19, critical medical recommendation ✓improved patient safety by increasing accuracy and speed of diagnosis and screening ✓Reducing healthcare providers' workloads ✓Help to prevention ✓Forecasting of disease ✓Lung Infection Quantification through CT images	* a free online screening toolkit defined as “COVID-19 Quick Test” was designed to help that citizens quickly recognize their health status and infection risks in China, as well, it offers recommendations according to the screening results * AI with deep learning method was used as a useful technique for accurate, timely, and sensitive extraction of unique features of images and facilitate the diagnosis in China. * In China, AI has improved the CT diagnosis speed for COVID-19 cases in some cases, it was better than RT-PCR screening) *AI platform provides self-registration and crowd management modules for high-risk populations, as well, the AI tracking platform is interfaced with more than 400 hospitals for sharing information	[39,[57], [58], [59], [60], [61], [62], [63], [64], [65], [66], [67], [68], [69]]
Telemedicine	✓Telecommunication by online education ✓to reduce the impact on the cultural and educational consequences of this epidemic, especially for children who are vulnerable to environmental risks and their physical health, mental health, and productivity in adult life ✓overcome to limited access to specialists, particularly in rural hospitals ✓remotely sharing health care services by using of doctor- doctor approach to diagnosis and consulting aims ✓Alternative for face-to-face communication between people and health care providers ✓control and treatment of psychological problems such as depression, stress by developing online mental health services	*In China, Emergency Telemedicine Consultation System ETCS) has developed telemedicine services across connected hospitals to share health care services by using a doctor-to-doctor approach to diagnosis, treatment, and consulting aims * NoviGuide as a guideline based software was used for point-of-care decision support in health systems for COVID-19 diagnosis *Consult Station Medical Booths was developed for telemonitoring and screening of Covid-19 cases	[23,[69], [70], [71], [72]]
Mobile phone	✓Collecting the basic travel history along with the more common indexes ✓to assist in the early screening and identification of possible COVID-19 infected individuals ✓Informing health-related news ✓Remote teleconsultation such as Mental health advise ✓telemedicine outpatient services ✓Group consulting ✓Education and training ✓monitor chronic orthopedic ✓Radiodiagnosis ✓Monitoring of COVID-19 individuals ✓Triage for avoiding face to face or unnecessary visits	*mHero Health as a mobile phone-based system was used for health worker communications by using text messaging or SMS, *Community Health Toolkit was used for providing health communication between health workers and supervisors, *HealthBeats Remote was used for vitals monitoring at home, *CommCare Case Management software as open-source mobile case management was developed for COVID-19 diagnosis	[60,[72], [73], [74], [75], [76]]
Decision support system	✓Risk assessment for suspected individuals ✓to assist GPs ✓can use in healthcare supply chain ✓can help to demand management in the health care context ✓for characterizing severity of COVID-19 ✓Triage of COVD19 Patients	*a mobile-based DSS was developed to assist GPs in gathering data, triaging, and risk assessment in China * a clinical DSS was developed for prediction of severity risk and triage of COVID-19 Patients at hospital admission at Wuhan China	[[77], [78], [79], [80], [81]]
The infection Control system in hospital	✓decrease of infection by real-time monitoring leading immediate protection and corrective response ✓protecting the safety of staff	* the initial infection control system was used as an influential tool for decreasing infection by real-time monitoring, providing immediate protection and corrective response in China.	[38]
Robotics	✓to perform most of the hazard actions instead of health providers on COVID-19 patients ✓protects the safety of health care providers ✓to assist in patrolling and monitoring the COVID-19 by public safety authorities, health authorities, and businesses ✓use robot-controlled noncontact ultraviolet UV) surface in prevention aims ✓to sterilize all high-touch surfaces ✓for autonomous or remote-controlled disinfection ✓mobile robots are useful for diagnosis and screening trough temperature ✓used to repetitively monitor temperatures of individuals in the hospitals with data sharing to hospital information systems ✓to use instead of experts in remote areas, especially in quarantine conditions ✓to assist surgery during the pandemic ✓protecting by using robotic potentials such as Receptionist Robots, Nurse Robots, Ambulance Robots, Telemedicine Robots, Serving Robots in Hospital, etc.	* a robot designed to perform most of the hazard actions such as ultrasounds, take mouth swabs and listen to sounds made by a patient's organs instead of health providers on COVID-19 patients at a Chinese university. * In China, autonomic robots developed to assist public safety authorities, health authorities, and businesses in the COIVD-19 hit regions by following tasks: 1) Police use Robots for patrolling and monitoring 2) Driverless sweeping vehicles help to keep the city clean 3) Disinfectant Robots aid in bringing in a new level of epidemic resistance	[80,[82], [83], [84], [85], [86]]
online interactive dashboard/GIS	✓easy capture, identify, and statistical report the location and number of new cases, death, recovered cases ✓Help control the outbreak and improve the fight against the infectious disease epidemic ✓providing various information such as outbreak source, public events, site selection, supply chain, and resource locator ✓critical source for delivering and collecting information ✓to use in analyzing, modeling/spatial modeling of disease, and forecasting aims ✓To provide web-based mapping ✓to provide health geography ✓Risk assessment through GIS	In the following, dashboards that used during COVID-19 pandemics was indicated: WHO, Johns Hopkins_CSSE, and Early Alert Inc dashboards	[[87], [88], [89], [90], [91], [92], [93], [94], [95], [96], [97]]
Internet of things IoT)	✓Screening and monitoring health data by using smart sensors at different places such as airports, terminal buses, health organizations in smart cities ✓Forecasting COVID-19 patients ✓Informing healthcare providers and providing quick response between healthcare providers and patients ✓To help remote consultation among patients and healthcare providers ✓To assist quickly identify COVID19 cases ✓To facilitate information sharing ✓Real-time monitoring and tracking ✓To support diagnosis e.g., Smart Helmet) ✓use in prevention and control of COVID-19 disease ✓Reduce the workload in health care organization	* a smart helmet with a combination of Mounted Thermal Imaging System, thermal camera technology, and IoT technology was designed to diagnose the COVID-19 from the thermal image automatically. IoT helps to detect infected cases by providing real-time data and monitoring the screening process * In China, the COVID-19 intelligent diagnosis and treatment assistant program nCapp)” based on the IoT was developed to diagnose infected cases early. * Internet of Medical Things IoMT) was developed for providing treatment aided to orthopedic patients, especially in remote areas during the COVID-19 pandemic through data gathering, report monitoring, testing, and analyzing of images	[[98], [99], [100], [101], [102], [103]]
Virtual reality VR)	✓rehabilitation Physical therapy, Cognitive Rehabilitation) ✓using by patients in the hospital for controlling stress ✓Mental health and psychological Disorders ✓Pain management ✓training purpose ✓Palliative Care ✓Virtual traveling ✓Virtual communication and collaboration	* a 360 -Degree VR Rendering of COVID-19 was used to visualize the better extent of COVID-19 inflicted damage to the lungs scan at Washington university hospital *During the COVID-19 outbreak, PwC has increased its use of VR training for managers especially while managers are working remotely) to soft skills related to leadership, diversity, equity and inclusion, and harassment prevention. * For the first time, NHS staff tackling Covid-19 on the front line are using virtual reality to support their mental health and wellbeing.	[99,[104], [105], [106], [107], [108]]
surveillance systems	✓surveillance systems are useful to identify quarantine individuals with COVID-19 symptoms ✓increase in response to COVID-19 cases ✓enhancing staff protection in a healthcare setting ✓improving health surveillance policies ✓to estimate COVID-19 growth rate through surveillance systems ✓early detection ✓timely updates of references and population's data ✓to help governments to create time for preparedness	*the COVID-19 Laboratory-Based Surveillance System was used in Islamabad-Pakistan, which could provide the initial aims of the surveillance such as risk factor information of all suspected cases, providing timely and accurate reports * one health surveillance OHS) system was developed for early identification of COVID-19 to break the chain of transmission in India	[98,[109], [110], [111], [112], [113], [114], [115]]
internet search queries	✓Google Search Volume Index for: •Showing information flow of the COVID-19 pandemic •raising public awareness •an epidemiologic surveillance tool •online tracking system for COVID-19 pandemic ✓internet search data shows information-seeking responses to news of local COVID-19 cases and showing web-search behavior	*Google trend was used to study correlation about loss‐of‐smell‒related searches during the COVID-19 outbreak. According to the results, there is a strong correlation between them *Internet search data indicate societies respond to early report of COVID-19 pandemic in their state by closely seeking information about COVID-19. It was measured by searches for coronavirus, coronavirus symptoms, and hand sanitizer. * in Italy, web search behavior during the COVID-19 outbreak was more related to “face masks,” “amuchina” disinfectant), “symptoms of the novel coronavirus,” “health bulletin,” and “vaccines for coronavirus.”	[[116], [117], [118], [119]]