TABLE 3—
NOWS Severity, Birth Hospitalization, and Social Services Outcomes: Massachusetts Perinatal-Neonatal Quality Improvement Network Database, 2017–2019
| NOWS Severity and Birth Hospitalization Outcomes, AORa (95% CI) | Social Services Outcomes, AORa (95% CI) | ||||
| Pharmaceutical Treatment of NOWS | Rooming In | Any Maternal Breastmilk During Hospitalization (Eligible Only) | Early Intervention Referral | Discharged in Biological Parent’s Custody | |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||
| Non-Hispanic White (Ref) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1.25 (0.57, 2.73) | 0.74 (0.35, 1.56) | 1.05 (0.41, 2.71) | 0.86 (0.36, 2.08) | 1.02 (0.53, 1.97) |
| Hispanic | 1.06 (0.62, 1.81) | 1.27 (0.77, 2.12) | 2.07 (1.01, 4.25) | 1.40 (0.78, 2.49) | 1.24 (0.76, 2.03) |
| Term (≥ 37 wk) vs preterm | 1.62 (1.05, 2.48) | 13.47 (9.60, 18.90) | 1.07 (0.69, 1.64) | 0.53 (0.34, 0.80) | 2.29 (1.68, 3.13) |
| Male vs female sex | 1.35 (1.04, 1.73) | 0.97 (0.73, 1.28) | 1.05 (0.79, 1.41) | 1.36 (1.01, 1.82) | 0.95 (0.73, 1.23) |
| Maternal nonprescribed opioid use vs no nonprescribed use | 1.51 (1.01, 2.25) | 0.49 (0.34, 0.70) | 0.72 (0.45, 1.13) | 2.09 (1.34, 3.25) | 0.22 (0.16, 0.30) |
| Maternal MOUD vs no treatment | 3.66 (1.77, 7.58) | 1.17 (0.74, 1.85) | 0.96 (0.46, 2.01) | 2.79 (1.62, 4.82) | 1.31 (0.89, 1.93) |
| Maternal cocaine use vs none | 1.11 (0.69, 1.79) | 0.62 (0.43, 0.88) | 1.08 (0.63, 1.87) | 0.89 (0.59, 1.34) | 0.20 (0.15, 0.26) |
| Maternal benzodiazepine use vs none | 1.73 (1.15, 2.60) | 1.06 (0.70, 1.59) | 0.67 (0.43, 1.06) | 1.40 (0.91, 2.13) | 0.48 (0.34, 0.67) |
| Maternal SSRI use vs none | 1.61 (1.06, 2.45) | 1.08 (0.67, 1.75) | 1.55 (0.91, 2.62) | 1.65 (1.00, 2.73) | 1.15 (0.73, 1.81) |
| Region | |||||
| Metro Boston (Ref) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Central | 1.24 (0.38, 4.03) | 0.59 (0.08, 4.62) | 0.53 (0.15, 1.91) | 0.10 (0.01, 1.75) | 1.03 (0.47, 2.24) |
| Northeast | 1.83 (0.70, 4.81) | 0.78 (0.14, 4.23) | 0.47 (0.16, 1.33) | 4.48 (0.50, 39.99) | 1.53 (0.79, 2.96) |
| Southeast | 1.89 (0.66, 5.44) | 2.29 (0.34, 15.44) | 0.47 (0.15, 1.50) | 1.46 (0.11, 19.98) | 1.36 (0.67, 2.74) |
| West | 0.78 (0.27, 2.15) | 1.05 (0.17, 6.51) | 1.41 (0.45, 4.44) | 0.57 (0.05, 7.01) | 1.44 (0.73, 2.86) |
| Rooming in ≥ 1 night | 0.36 (0.24, 0.54) | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . |
| Any maternal breastmilk during hospitalization | 0.77 (0.57, 1.05) | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . |
Note. AOR = adjusted odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; MOUD = medications used to treat opioid use disorder; NOWS = neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome; SSRI = selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor medication.
a
Adjusted for all covariates listed with random intercepts included to control for clustering by delivery hospital.