Table 1.
Availability of personal exposure variables and data sources
| Exposure category | Environmental variable(s) | Period | Exposure zone(s) A(r) = address radius (m) Ac = address coordinates NB = neighbourhood P4 = 4-digit postal code P6 = 6-digit postal code |
Geodata source | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Physical activity environment (infrastructure and land use deter-mining the way the surroundings can be accessed and used) | Altitude in centimetres | 2000–2018 | Ac, NB, P4, P6 | AHN.nl—cooperation of provinces, central government and water boards | The altitude map of the Netherlands is a laser altimetry product in raster format available on different horizontal scales levels |
| -25 m. resolution (AHN1) | 2000 (ca.) | ||||
| -5 m. resolution (AHN2) | 2010 (ca.) | ||||
| -50 cm. resolution (AHN3) | 2018 (ca.) | ||||
| Bicycle path density | 2019 | NB | Basic topography register system (BRT—TOP10—Cadastre, 2019) with point and line layers of roads, railways, junctions, ramps and exits, bridges, tunnels, cycle lanes, footpaths, etc | Topographic cycle path line data joined with data ‘Landelijk fietsplatform | |
| Road density | 2015 | NB | The (car)road density is derived from the dataset TOP10 NL 2015 (line feature layer WEGDEEL_HARTLIJN) | ||
| Street connectivity | 1989 1993 2001 2003 2012 2015 2019 | A150,250,350,500,750, 1000,1650,2000 | Key register Large-scale Topography (BGT—Cadastre) including among others polygon layers of separate bicycle lanes and sideways | Connectivity of the street network, represented by the ratio between the number of true intersections (three or more legs) to the size of the selected area | |
| NB, P4, P6 | |||||
| Sidewalk density | 1989 1993 1996 2000 2003 2008 2012 2015 2019 | A150,250,350,500,750, | Density of sidewalk polygon area calculated as Z-scores. Years before 2015 are constructed using auxiliary data | ||
| 1000,1650,2000 | |||||
| NB, P4, P6 | |||||
| Land use | 1989 1993 1996 2000 2003 2006 20082020 2012 2015 | Ac, NB, P4, P6 | Land use—Statistics Netherlands (CBS) based on a.o. TOP10 and aerial photography. Classification in 9 main land use classes and ca. 40 subclasses | Land use concerns generalized data. Classification changes occur between 1993 and 1996 | |
| Land use mix/ entropy index | 1989 1993 1996 2000 2003 2006 2008 2010 2012 2015 | A150,250,350,500,750, 1000,1650,2000 NB, P4, P6 | Land use—Statistics Netherlands (CBS) | The land use mix is calculated as Z-scores and indicates the heterogeneity of five specific land use classes | |
| Land use classes | |||||
| 1-residential | |||||
| 2-commercial | |||||
| 3-social-cultural services | |||||
| 4-offices/ public services | |||||
| 5-greenspace/ recreation | |||||
| Green space density | 1989 1993 1996 2000 2003 2006 2008 2010 2012 2015 |
A150,250,350,500,750, 1000,1650,2000 NB, P4, P6 |
Land use—Statistics Netherlands (CBS) | Greenspace density calculated as Z-scores. Greenspace includes public gardens, parks, forests and graveyards | |
| Green space (10 m. res.) | 2017 | NB, P4, P6 | Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)/ Atlas Leefomgeving (ALO) | Combination of different datasets related to green space derived from the AHN2 and AHN3 files, the BAG buildings and the Infrared aerial photo (CIR file, resolution of 0.25 m) | |
| -% Trees | |||||
| -Tree height classes | |||||
| -% Shrubs | |||||
| -% Low vegetation | |||||
| Sport accommodation density (indoor and outdoor) | 2017 | NB | Databestand SportAanbod (DSA) Mulier instituut | Accommodation density is calculated from a national dataset with xy coordinates from ca. 22.000 sport accommodations managed by the Mulier institute | |
| Base topography—TOP10 BRT—(a.o. roads, tracks, water, terrain, furnishing elements) | 2003 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2015 2019 | NB, P4, P6 | Basic topography register system (BRT—TOP10—Cadastre | ||
| Key register large-scale Topography—BGT (point, line and polygon layers of topographical objects) | 2012–2020 continuous | NB, P4, P6 | Key register large-scale Topography—BGT—Cadastre | Application scale 1:500–1:5.000 | |
| Walkability index | 1989 1993 1996 2000 2003 2006 2008 2010 2012 2015 |
A150,250,350,500,750, 1000,1650,2000 NB, P4, P6 |
GECCO project based on land use and population Statistics Netherlands (CBS) and basic/ large scale topography Cadastre Netherlands | Walkability is calculated by summing the z-scores of its six components and normalizing the results to values between 0 and 100 | |
| Composite score based on six components: | |||||
| 1) Population density | |||||
| 2) Density of retail and service destinations | |||||
| 3) Land-use mix | |||||
| 4) Street connectivity | |||||
| 5) Green space | |||||
| 6) Side walk density | |||||
| Bicycle and walking network including cycling and walking routes, networks and transport nodes | 2019 continuous | NB, P4 | Derived from TOP10 NL road data by Landelijk Fietsplatform and Wandelnet | Vector line data | |
| 2. Transport/mobility environment | Parking spaces (public street parking spaces, private residential places and paid/ unpaid parking garages and car parks) | 2019 (park spaces BAG 2015) | NB | Derived from dataset ‘Parking places’ Cadastre/ RDW (Netherlands Vehicle Authority). Combines vector point and polygon data from BGT, TOP10, BAG and RDW on scales 1:2.500–1:10.000 | Statistical summaries have been made for the neighbourhood borders of 2016. The BAG data for private built-up parking spaces concerns the year 2015, the other data concerns 2019 |
| -Number of parking places | |||||
| -Park space density in | |||||
| number of parking places per household | |||||
| -Number of parking places per hectare | |||||
| -Park space ratio as | |||||
| -Number of cars/ number of parking places | |||||
| Public transport stop density (bus, ferry, metro, taxi and tram stops) | 2018 (updated from 2015) | NB | Geodienst Rijksuniversiteit Groningen/ databank Nationale Data Openbaar Vervoer (NDOV) | Kernel point densities (1000-m search radius) of public transport stops are calculated to overcome MAUP neighbourhood effect | |
| Railway stations | 2019 | A(r), NB, P4, P6 | Esri Netherlands Datasets | On the basis of this dataset several distance and density based exposure variables can be derived on request | |
| 3. Environmental pollution (pollution/ nuisance in surroundings, air, soil or water, measured, modeled and/or perceived) | Traffic noise—daily mean (mixed road, rail and air) in Lden | 2000 2004, 2005 2007 2008 | Ac, P4, P6 | PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency | Modelled data with Empara noise tool with 25 × 25 m resolution on mixed traffic noise in dB |
| Traffic noise—daily mean (road only) in Lden | 2000 2004 2007 2008 2010 2011 | Ac, P4, P6 | PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency | Modelled data with Empara noise tool with 25 × 25 m resolution on road noise in dB. Several factors are accounted including traffic intensity, road types and sound barriers | |
| Traffic noise— national roads (high ways) | 2006 2011 2016 | Ac, P4, P6 | Dep. of Waterways and Public Works (Min. of IenW) | ||
| Airport noise Schiphol | 2016 | Ac, P6 | Ministry of Infrastruc-ture and Water Management (IenW) | Separate data available for day and night (noise in Lden) | |
| Air pollution < 25 m resolution modelled annual average of min., max. and mean values | 2009 | Ac, P4, P6 | Institute of Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS)/ European Study of Cohort for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE) | Annual average outdoor pollution concentrations modelled/ interpolated with measurement data, traffic data and the physical environment. See online mapviewer | |
| -Particulate matter (PM2.5) | |||||
| -PM 2.5 absorbance | |||||
| -Particulate matter (PM10) | |||||
| -Particulate matter (PMcoarse) | |||||
| -Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) | |||||
| -Nitrogen oxide (NOx) | |||||
|
Air pollution 25 m. resolution modelled annual average -Particulate matter (PM2.5) -Particulate matter (PM10) -Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) -Soot (EC) |
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 (NO2 not for 2013) | Ac, NB, P4, P6 | Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) | Annual average outdoor pollution concentrations based on a combination of model calculations and measurements from official measurement locations. SOOT (EC) maps indicative only | |
| Air pollution 1 km resolution modelled annual average | 1995-2018 Yearly | Ac, NB, P4, P6 | Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) | Modelled future concentra-tions are available for all variables for 2020, 2025 and 2030, apart for C6H6 and CO | |
| -Benzene (C6H6) | 2011–2018 | ||||
| -Carbon monoxide (CO) | 2011–2018 | ||||
| -Carbon monoxide p98 (CO) | 2011–2018 | ||||
| -Particulate matter (PM2.5) | 2017–2018 | ||||
| -Particulate matter (PM10) | 1995–2018 | ||||
| -Ammonia (NH3) | 2011–2018 | ||||
| -Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) | 1995–2018 | ||||
| -Nitrogen oxide (NOx) | 2011–2018 | ||||
| -Ozone (O3) | 2011–2018 | ||||
| -Soot (EC) | 2011–2018 | ||||
| -Sulphur dioxide (SO2) | 2011–2018 | ||||
| 4. Food and retail environment | Food environment healthiness-index (other variables derived from Locatus point data on request) | 2016 (other years on request) | NB (on the basis of this dataset several distance and density based exposure variables can be derived on request) | Retail point coordinate data LOCATUS (2004–2020) | Index score (food environment healthiness index) between − 5 and + 5 according to FEHI score as described elsewhere [32]. Data is aggregated to neighbourhoods using point density kernels to prevent MAUP issue |
| 5. Socio-economic environment (administrative divisions, key demography, social and economic parameters and cultural amenities) | Neighbourhood statistics |
Two-yearly 1995–2001 One-yearly 2002–2019 |
Ac, NB | ‘Wijk- en buurtkaarten’ Statistics Netherlands (CBS) |
The Dutch statistical office (CBS), records a range of demographic variables per neighbourhood Neighbourhood borders/divisions can change over the years and also the recorded variables can change over the years |
| -Demographics (age classes, sex, mortality, etc.) -Population density | |||||
| -Provenance-Urbanization | |||||
| -Housing stock-Living (rent, ownership, residence types, etc.)-Energy consumption (gas/ electricity)-Education-Labour-Income | |||||
| -Crime-Social security -Businesses-Motor vehicles -Land use | |||||
| -Amenities (average distance to specific facilities and average number of specific facilities within a radius around addresses in a neighbourhood)-Overlapping PC4 area-Area land/water | |||||
| Buildings/addresses (BAG) |
2011–2020 Continuous |
Ac, NB, P4, P6 | Key register addresses and buildings (BAG), Cadastre NL | Vector dataset (point/ polygon) containing more than 10 million buildings and 9,3 million addresses (2020) on a scale starting from 1:2.500 | |
| including: | |||||
| -houses, buildings, berths, beach pavilions, caravans, trailers, etc. | |||||
| -utilization function | |||||
| -construction year | |||||
| -building area | |||||
| Education | 2018 | A(r), NB, P4, P6 | Dienst Uitvoering Onderwijs (DUO) - Ministry of Education, Culture and Science | Coordinates and address data per school / institution. Data can be spatially summarized per indicated exposure zone | |
| -primary schools | |||||
| -secondary schools | |||||
| -special schools | |||||
| -higher education | |||||
| Key statistics 4-digit postal code (a.o. sex and age of inhabitants, household composition, migration background) | 1998–2018 | P4 | PC4 statistics - Statistics Netherlands (CBS) | Available variables for PC4 and PC6 zones can differ. PC4 contains additional statistics from 2015 onwards | |
| Other statistics 4-digit postal code (accessibility, childcare, facilities culture, -education, -health care, -sport, housing benefits/stock, income, land use, livability, living environ-ment typology, offices, retail and businesses, post offices, travel time, transactions/house prices) | 1990–2015 (range can differ per variable) | P4 | Miscellaneous (a.o. ABF Research, SWING Real Estate Monitor, Statistics Netherlands (CBS), Dutch Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations) | ||
| Key statistics 6-digit postal code (a.o. demographics, income, immigrants, housing stock) | 2004, 2010 | P6 | PC6 statistics—Statistics Netherlands (CBS) | Purchased data | |
| Key statistical figures | 2000–2018 | Ac, NB, P4, P6 | Vierkantstatistieken Statistics Netherlands (CBS) | The CBS dataset ‘vierkantstatistieken’ contains basic statistics on number of inhabitants, dwellings, residential density and urbanity for all years and additional statistics from 2011 onwards | |
| per 100 x 100 meter grid cell | |||||
| Number of inhabitants | |||||
| Inhabitants < 15 years | |||||
| Inhabitants 15–25 years | |||||
| Inhabitants 25–45 years | |||||
| Inhabitants 45–65 years | |||||
| Inhabitants > 65 years | |||||
| Total number of men | |||||
| Total number of women | |||||
| Percentage classes: | |||||
| Native Dutch | |||||
| Migr. backgr—western | |||||
| Migr. backgr—nonwestern | |||||
| Number or dwellings | |||||
| Property values | |||||
| Other statistics (households, property age classes, owned/ rented property, single/ multiple family dwellings, social security, energy use number of ca. 30 different destinations within 1/2/ 3 km, distance to nearest destinations (ca. 30)) | 2015–2018 | ||||
| Poverty in % ‘poor’ households | 2017 | NB, P4 | The Netherlands Institute of Social Research (SCP) | Percentage of ‘poor’ households according to SCP definitions per PC4 area and neighbourhood | |
| Socio-economic status score | 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2016 2017 | P4 (NB 2016) | The Netherlands Institute of Social Research (SCP) | Socio-economic status scores are based on: education, income and position in the labour market) | |
| 6. Safety, aesthetics, air temperature | Temperature per km grid | 1961-current (daily per year | Ac, NB, P4, P6 | Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) | 1 × 1 km grids of interpolated data (Inverse Distance Weighted interpolation, with 2.0 power parameter, block size 20 km and search radius of 110 km) based on 33–35 automatic KNMI observation stations |
| -Daily average | |||||
| -Daily minimum | |||||
| -Daily maximum | |||||
| Traffic incidents | Yearly 2003–2017 | P6 |
Bestand geRegistreerde Ongevallen Nederland (BRON) |
Provided via ESRI Nl datasets |