TABLE 6.
Association of the risk factors and MMSE scores in the total population (n = 4,631).
| Variables | Age and sex adjusted |
Multivariable adjustedb |
||||
| β (95% CI) | SE | P-valuea | β (95% CI) | SE | P value | |
| Sociodemographic characteristics | ||||||
| Age group | ||||||
| 60–64 | (reference group) | − | − | (reference group) | − | − |
| 65–69 | -0.25 (-0.53, 0.03) | 0.14 | 0.075 | 0.07 (-0.20, 0.33) | 0.14 | 0.61 |
| 70–74 | −0.47 (−0.79, −0.16) | 0.16 | <0.01c | 0.22 (−0.08, 0.52) | 0.15 | 0.16 |
| ≥ 75 | −1.57 (−1.98, −1.15) | 0.21 | <0.0001 | −0.69 (−1.09, −0.28) | 0.21 | <0.001 |
| Sex (females vs. males) | −2.67 (−2.89, −2.44) | 0.12 | <0.0001 | −1.48 (−0.80, −1.16) | 0.16 | <0.0001 |
| High school and above | 2.33 (2.02, 2.64) | 0.16 | <0.0001 | 1.52 (1.19, 1.85) | 0.17 | <0.0001 |
| Income status (RMB) | ||||||
| <3,000 | (reference group) | − | − | (reference group) | − | − |
| 3,000–5,000 | 1.38 (1.05, 1.70) | 0.17 | <0.0001 | 0.74 (0.42, 1.07) | 0.16 | <0.0001 |
| >5,000 | 2.19 (1.86, 2.53) | 0.17 | <0.0001 | 1.07 (0.72, 1.42) | 0.18 | <0.0001 |
| Marital status (Unmarried vs. married) | 0.91 (0.56, 1.26) | 0.18 | <0.0001 | 0.55 (0.22, 0.89) | 0.17 | <0.01 |
| Employment status (Working vs. No work) | 0.046 (-0.42, 0.52) | 0.24 | 0.85 | 0.20 (−0.25, 0.64) | 0.23 | 0.38 |
| Health related variables | ||||||
| PA (METs-h/w) (≥23.0 vs. <23.0) | 0.70 (0.47, 0.94) | 0.12 | <0.0001 | 0.31 (0.08, 0.53) | 0.12 | <0.01 |
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Non-smoker | (reference group) | − | − | (reference group) | − | − |
| Ex-smoker | 0.062 (−0.40, 0.52) | 0.24 | 0.79 | 0.24 (−0.19, 0.68) | 0.22 | 0.28 |
| Current smoker | −0.45 (−0.73, −0.16) | 0.15 | <0.001 | −0.35 (−0.63, −0.07) | 0.14 | 0.013 |
| Alcohol drinking | 0.18 (−0.14, 0.51) | 0.16 | 0.26 | 0.24 (−0.07, 0.55) | 0.16 | 0.13 |
| Sleep duration (h) | ||||||
| <6.5 h | −0.26 (−0.73, 0.22) | 0.24 | 0.30 | −0.32 (−0.78, 0.14) | 0.23 | 0.17 |
| 6.5–8.5 h | (reference group) | − | − | (reference group) | − | − |
| >8.5 h | −1.28 (−1.52, −1.05) | 0.12 | <0.0001 | −0.85 (−1.08, −0.62) | 0.12 | <0.0001 |
| Sleepiness (scores) | −0.95 (−1.30, −0.60) | 0.18 | <0.0001 | −0.71 (−1.04, −0.38) | 0.17 | <0.0001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 1.61 (0.70, 2.51) | 0.46 | <0.001 | 2.91 (1.99, 3.84) | 0.47 | <0.001 |
| GS(per body weight) (kg/kg) | 1.94 (1.60, 2.29) | 0.18 | <0.0001 | 1.99 (1.64, 2.34) | 0.18 | <0.0001 |
| Hypertension | −0.34 (−0.57, −0.11) | 0.12 | <0.01 | −0.27 (−0.49, −0.05) | 0.11 | 0.017 |
| Diabetes | 0.05 (−0.24, 0.34) | 0.15 | 0.74 | −0.03 (−0.31, 0.26) | 0.14 | 0.86 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 0.80 (0.56, 1.04) | 0.12 | <0.0001 | 0.47 (0.24, 0.70) | 0.12 | <0.0001 |
BMI, body mass index; GS, grip strength; PA, physical activity; METs, metabolic equivalents; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination. aObtained by using generalized linear model. bAdditionally adjusted for education level, income status, marriage status, employment status, physical activity, smoking status, drinking status, sleep duration, BMI, GS, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, sleepiness. cBoldface indicates statistical significance (P < 0.05) (or appropriate value).