Table 1.
LncRNAs involved in cancer immunity and their functions.
| Steps of cancer immunity cycle | LncRNAs | Functions of lncRNAs |
|---|---|---|
|
NcRNA-RB1 | NcRNA-RB1 inhibits the expression of CALR, prevent tumor cells release “killing me” signal (19). |
| Lnc-ROR | Lnc-ROR promotes the proliferation of CD133+ cells through TGF-β in HCC (20). | |
| Lnc-VLDLR | Lnc-VLDLR expressed in EV promotes tumor cell death and releases noe-antigen (21). | |
| MELOE | MELOE increase immunogenicity to be recognized by TCLs (22). | |
| 2. Antigen presentation | LINK-A | LINK-A inhibits antigen presentation in breast cancer (23). |
| lnc-DC | Lnc-DC promotes differentiation of monocytes to dendritic cells (24, 25). | |
| LncTh2-LCR | LncTh2-LCR regulates the expression of Th2 cytokines, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 (26). | |
| LincRNA-cox2 | LincRNA-cox2 inhibits chemokines (Ccl5, Cx3c11) and cytokines (Ccrl) receptors expression (27). | |
| MALAT1 | MALAT1 inhibits the production of TNF-α and IL-6 to repress antigen presentation (28). | |
| 3. Immune cell priming and T cell activation | lncEGFR | LncEGFR links immunosuppression to cancer by promoting differentiation of Treg cells (9). |
| SNHG1 | SNHG1 impedes the immune escape by inhibiting the differentiation of Treg cells through promoting miR-448 expression and reduces the protein level of IDO (29). | |
| lnc-SGK1 | Lnc-SGK1 promotes Th2 and Th17 differentiation by SGK1/JunB signaling. | |
| NEAT1 | In HCC, NEAT1 promotes CD8+ T-cell apoptosis and enhances cytolysis (30). | |
| NeST | NeST promotes IFNG transcription to improve INF-γ production during CD8+ T cells activation (31). | |
| lncTim-3 | LncTim-3 exacerbates CD8 T cell exhaustion (32). | |
| 4. Immune cell migration | lnc-sox5 | Lnc-sox5 induces the down regulation of IDO1 to regulate infiltration and cytotoxicity of CD3+CD8+ T cells (33). |
| lincR-Ccr2-5’AS | Knockdown of lincR-Ccr2-5’AS induces a dramatic migration of Th2 cells into lung in mice [34]. | |
| 5. Immune cell infiltration | LINK-A | LINK-A, inhibits CD8+ T cell infiltration (23). |
| TCL6 | TCL6 promotes infiltration of CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, neutrophils, DCs (35). | |
| 6-7. Recognition and attack by T cell | AFAP1-AS1 | AFAP1-AS1 increase PD1 expression (36). |
| LncMX1-215 | LncMX1-215 promotes PD-L1 expression and immune escape (37). | |
| MALAT1 | MALAT1 promotes PD-L1 expression and immune escape (38). | |
| SNHG20 | SNHG20 promotes PD-L1 expression and immune escape (39). | |
| UCA 1 | UCA 1 promotes PD-L1 expression and immune escape (40). |