Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients with COVID-19 receiving respiratory support
| All (n=289 to 100%) |
Survivors (n=219 to 75.8%) |
Fatal cases (n=70 to 24.2%) |
P value* | |
| Demographic and clinical characteristics | ||||
| Age, years | 72.0 (62.0–80.0) | 70.0 (60.0–79.0) | 77.0 (71.0–84.0) | <0.001 |
| Female gender | 156 (54.0) | 128 (58.4) | 28 (40.0) | 0.011 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.3 (22.2–26.3) | 24.2 (22.2–26.2) | 24.5 (22.2–26.8) | 0.577 |
| Comorbidity | ||||
| Hypertension | 132 (45.8) | 96 (44.0) | 36 (51.4) | 0.346 |
| Diabetes | 93 (32.3) | 59 (27.1) | 34 (48.6) | 0.001 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 20 (6.9) | 14 (6.4) | 6 (8.6) | 0.723 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 9 (3.1) | 4 (1.8) | 5 (7.1) | 0.067 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 11 (3.8) | 9 (4.1) | 2 (2.9) | 0.906 |
| Chronic liver disease | 15 (5.2) | 9 (4.1) | 6 (8.6) | 0.248 |
| Liver cirrhosis | 8 (2.8) | 4 (1.8) | 4 (5.7) | 0.191 |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | 2 (0.7) | 1 (0.5) | 1 (1.4) | 0.979 |
| ACE inhibitors or ARBs use | 61 (24.8) | 47 (24.1) | 14 (27.5) | 0.756 |
| Symptoms on admission | ||||
| Fever/chills | 195 (67.9) | 145 (66.5) | 50 (72.5) | 0.438 |
| Cough | 175 (61.2) | 139 (63.8) | 36 (52.9) | 0.145 |
| Shortness of breath | 152 (53.0) | 112 (51.4) | 40 (58.0) | 0.413 |
| Gastrointestinal symptoms (vomiting/diarrhoea) |
73 (25.4) | 67 (30.7) | 6 (8.7) | <0.001 |
| Myalgia | 88 (30.8) | 73 (33.5) | 15 (22.1) | 0.103 |
| Headache | 46 (16.1) | 43 (19.7) | 3 (4.4) | 0.005 |
| Duration of symptom before admission, days | 6 (3–9) | 6 (3–9) | 4.5 (2–7) | 0.031 |
| Vital signs at presentation | ||||
| Temperature, °C | 36.9 (36.5–37.6) | 37.0 (36.5–37.6) | 36.7 (36.5–37.3) | 0.070 |
| Respiratory rate, breath/min |
20 (20–22) | 20 (20–22) | 20 (20–23) | 0.101 |
| Saturation, % | 95 (92–98) | 95 (93–98) | 95 (90–100) | 0.948 |
| Systolic pressure, mm Hg | 130 (116–145) | 130 (120–144) | 122 (108–146) | 0.062 |
| Heart rate, /min | 86 (72–100) | 85 (72–97) | 92 (72–102) | 0.140 |
| SIRS on admission | 102 (35.7) | 65 (30.1) | 37 (52.9) | 0.001 |
| Radiological and laboratory findings | ||||
| Radiological findings | ||||
| Abnormal chest radiograph | 269 (93.1) | 201 (91.8) | 68 (97.1)) | 0.205 |
| Bilateral involvement on chest radiographs |
225 (83.6) | 163 (81.1) | 62 (91.2) | 0.080 |
| Laboratory findings | ||||
| White cell count, ×103/µL | 6140 (4695–8065) | 6000 (4690–7420) | 7320 (5100–12020) | 0.001 |
| Lymphocyte count, ×103/µL | 895 (611–1260) | 952 (661–1321) | 702 (490–980) | <0.001 |
| Haemoglobin, g/dL | 12.4 (11.1–13.6) | 12.4 (11.2–13.6) | 12.6 (10.9–13.9) | 0.510 |
| Platelet count, ×109/L | 192 (146–267) | 200 (150–277) | 166 (132–239) | 0.029 |
| Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, mm/hour |
57 (39–76) | 57 (39–76) | 51 (40–70) | 0.592 |
| C reactive protein, mg/L | 10.1 (4.8–21.5) | 9.3 (4.0–20.4) | 13.4 (7.4–24.8) | 0.015 |
| Procalcitonin, ng/mL | 0.1 (0.1–0.4) | 0.1 (0.1–0.2) | 0.4 (0.1–1.1) | <0.001 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase, U/L | 38 (26–53) | 34 (25–50) | 49 (34–65) | <0.001 |
| Alanine aminotransferase, U/L | 21 (15–33) | 20 (15–32) | 23 (16–38) | 0.528 |
| Total bilirubin, mg/dL | 0.6 (0.4–0.9) | 0.6 (0.4–0.9) | 0.7 (0.4–0.9) | 0.240 |
| Alkaline phosphatase, U/L | 71 (57–92) | 71 (57–91) | 72 (58–104) | 0.488 |
| Gamma glutamyl transferase, U/L | 35 (22–61) | 27 (16.5–48.5) | 60 (40–101) | 0.001 |
| Serum albumin, g/dL | 3.4 (3.2–3.7) | 3.5 (3.2–3.8) | 3.2 (3.0–3.4) | <0.001 |
| Prothrombin time, s | 12.4 (11.8–13.3) | 12.4 (11.7–13.1) | 12.8 (11.9–14.8) | 0.026 |
| Prothrombin time, INR | 1.1 (1.0–1.1) | 1.0 (1.0–1.1) | 1.1 (1.0–1.3) | 0.015 |
| Blood urea nitrogen, mg/dL | 17 (12–24) | 15 (12–21) | 22 (16–37) | <0.001 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.8 (0.7–1.1) | 0.8 (0.7–1.0) | 1.0 (0.8–1.7) | <0.001 |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 80 (58–98) | 84 (64–100) | 63 (39–91) | 0.001 |
| Sodium, mmol/L | 137 (134–141) | 138 (134–141) | 136 (133–140) | 0.006 |
| Potassium, mmol/L | 4.1 (3.7–4.5) | 4.1 (3.7–4.5) | 4.2 (3.5–4.7) | 0.870 |
| Lactate dehydrogenase, U/L | 558 (405–753) | 560 (404–753) | 556 (410–762) | 0.969 |
| Creatine kinase, U/L | 79 (52–155) | 73 (51–149) | 86 (54–172) | 0.307 |
| Serum ferritin, ng/mL | 552 (327–975) | 430 (308–941) | 659 (521–1432) | 0.115 |
Data are expressed as median and IQR or numbers (%).
*Calculated by Student’s t-test (or the Mann-Whitney U test, if appropriate) and χ2 test (or Fisher’s exact test, if appropriate).
ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; SIRS, systemic inflammatory response syndrome.