Figure 5.

Herbivore control of the carbon cycle in coastal wetlands compared with other ecological factors. Shown are mean percentage changes (and 95% confidence intervals). The star symbols indicate negative mean percentage changes that are shown as positive values to facilitate comparisons of effect strength. The bigger black dots indicate herbivore (herbiv.) effects shown in the present study. Data on warming were extracted from [7] (for APC, BPC, LC and ANPP) and [47] (for soil CS and LDP). Data on increased precipitation (inc. precip.), decreased precipitation (dec. precip.), elevated CO₂ (eCO₂), and enriched nitrogen (eN2) were also extracted from [7], and those on enriched nitrogen (eN1) and plant invasions (plt invasion) from [33] and [5], respectively. The other abbreviations follow figure 1. (Online version in colour.)