Table 5.
Parasite | Gene | Extracted/Spiked/Natural DNA | Sample | Sample Size | Sensitivity | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C. sinensis | cox1 | All of them | Metacercariae from naturally-infected freshwater fish | - | 100 fg of DNA | [61] |
C. sinensis | ITS2 | Natural DNA | Freshwater snails, shrimp and freshwater fish | Snails: 497 Shrimp: 42 Freshwater fish: 33 |
10 fg (0.0002/snail) | [71] |
F. hepatica | IGS | Extracted DNA | Snails | Cercariae: 1 | 10−5 ng | [65] |
F. gigantica | ||||||
O. viverrini | nad1 | Natural DNA | samples collected from fish | - | 10−3–10−4 ng | [67] |
P. westermani
(Oriental lung fluke) |
ITS2 | Natural DNA | Metacercariae from freshwater crabs and crayfish | Muscle samples from infected freshwater crabs or crayfish: 35 | 10−8 ng | [70] |