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. 2020 Nov 3;21(21):8220. doi: 10.3390/ijms21218220

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Acute neuropeptide Y (NPY) treatment reduces social fear in ASM+/+, ASM+/−, and ASM−/− mice. (a,d,g) Preconditioning investigation of the non-social stimulus (empty cage) shown by unconditioned (SFC⁻) and conditioned (SFC⁺) mice during SFC on day 1. (b,e,h) Number of foot shocks received by SFC⁺ mice during SFC. (c,f,i) Investigation of the non-social (ns1–ns3) and social (cages with mice, s1–s6) stimuli during social fear extinction on day 16. NPY (1 nmol/2 µL) or a vehicle solution (Veh; 2 µL) was administered intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) 10 min before social fear extinction. Data represent means ± SEM, and numbers in parentheses indicate group sizes. p < 0.05 * versus all groups; # versus SFC⁻/Veh.