Table 3.
Results from the multivariable general linear models evaluating the association of demographic factors and smoking with QOL in Boys and Girls.
| Boys (n = 6388) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | SPF QOL | PMH QOL | LE QOL | Total QOL |
| β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | |
| Age (year) | −1.155 (−1.307, −1.004) ** | −0.751 (−0.856, −0.646) ** | −0.166 (−0.232, −0.101) ** | −1.379 (−1.645, −1.112) ** |
| Place of residence (urban vs. rural) | 0.027 (−0.507, 0.561) | 0.237 (−0.133, 0.608) | 0.865 (0.633, 1.097) ** | 1.166 (0.224, 2.109) * |
| SES (low vs. high) | −3.689 (−4.691, −2.687) ** | −0.165 (−0.860, 0.531) | −2.106 (−2.540, −1.671) ** | −6.824 (−8.592, −5.056) ** |
| SES (moderate vs. high) | −3.282 (−4.337, −2.228) ** | −0.418 (−1.150, 0.314) | −1.443 (−1.901, −0.986) ** | −5.707 (−7.568, −3.846) ** |
| Smoking | ||||
| AFTCM (year) | 1.388 (1.052, 1.724) ** | 0.748 (0.516, 0.980) ** | 0.384 (0.238,0.529) ** | 3.091 (2.497, 3.685) ** |
| AFTCM (age 10 U vs. no) | −5.567 (−6.500, −4.634) ** | −2.164 (−2.812, −1.517) ** | −1.814 (−2.219, −1.409) ** | −11.926 (−13.572, −10.280) ** |
| AFTCM (age 11–14 vs. no) | −3.919 (−4.990, −2.848) ** | −2.304 (−3.047, −1.561) ** | −1.147 (−1.611, −0.682) ** | −8.866 (−10.755, −6.977) ** |
| AFTCM (age 15 A vs. no) | −1.543 (−2.715, −0.371) * | −1.613 (−2.426, −0.800) ** | −0.170 (−0.678,0.339) | −3.878 (−5.946, −1.811) ** |
| SSP30D (number of cigarettes) | −0.058 (−0.090, −0.025) * | −0.007 (−0.029, 0.016) | −0.005 (−0.019,0.009) | −0.127 (−0.185, −0.070) ** |
| SSP30D (occasional smoker vs. NS) | −4.170 (−5.329, −3.010) ** | −0.283 (−1.088, 0.521) | −0.908 (−1.411,0.405) ** | −7.865 (−9.911, −5.820) ** |
| SSP30D (regular smoker vs. NS) | −5.007 (−6.412, −3.602) ** | −0.158 (−1.133, 0.817) | −1.632 (−2.242, −1.022) ** | −8.304 (−10.783, −5.825) ** |
| Girls (n = 6253) | ||||
| Variables | SPF QOL | PMH QOL | LE QOL | Total QOL |
| β (95%CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | |
| Age (year) | −1.064 (−1.201, −0.926) ** | −0.895 (−0.987, −0.802) ** | −0.194 (−0.255, −0.134) ** | −1.360 (−1.618, −1.101) ** |
| Place of residence (urban vs. rural) | 1.052 (0.532, 1.573) ** | 0.193 (−0.157, 0.542) | 1.377 (1.149, 1.605) ** | 2.943 (1.963, 3.922) ** |
| SES (low vs. high) | −1.826 (−2.792, −0.860) ** | −0.195 (−0.843, 0.453) | −1.539 (−1.961, −1.116) ** | −4.242 (−6.059, −2.425) ** |
| SES (moderate vs. high) | −1.642 (−2.642, −0.642) * | −0.053 (−0.724, 0.618) | −0.658 (−1.095, −0.221) * | −2.764 (−4.645, −0.883) * |
| Smoking | ||||
| AFTCM (year) | 2.191 (1.757, 2.626) ** | 0.906 (0.614, 1.197) ** | 0.446 (0.257, 0.636) ** | 4.449 (3.631, 5.267) ** |
| AFTCM (age 10 U vs. no) | −6.302 (−7.440, −5.164) ** | −2.646 (−3.409, −1.882) ** | −1.475 (−1.973, −0.978) ** | −13.095 (−15.236, −10.954) ** |
| AFTCM (age 11–14 vs. never) | −4.700 (−6.142, −3.259) ** | −2.351 (−3.319, −1.384) ** | −0.695 (−1.325, −0.065) * | −9.381 (−12.093, −6.670) ** |
| AFTCM (age 15 O vs. no) | −4.048 (−5.695, −2.402) ** | −1.636 (−2.741, −0.531) * | −0.548 (−1.268, 0.171) | −7.799 (−10.896, −4.702) ** |
| SSP30D (number of cigarettes) | −0.082 (−0.122, −0.042) ** | 0.016 (−0.011, 0.043) | − 0.031 (−0.048, −0.013) ** | −0.154 (−0.229, −0.079) ** |
| SSP30D (occasional smoker vs. NS) | −4.847 (−6.262, −3.432) ** | −1.003 (−1.952, 0.054) | −1.046 (−1.664, −0.427) * | −7.875 (−10.536, −5.214) ** |
| SSP30D (regular smoker vs. NS) | −4.720 (−6.561, −2.880) ** | −0.673 (−1.908, 0.562) | −0.640 (−1.445, 0.165) | −8.519 (−11.981, −5.057) ** |
β (95%CI), Regression coefficients and 95% confidence intervals; QOL, quality of life; SPF, social and psychological function; PMH, physiological and mental health; LE, living environment; SES, socioeconomic status; AFTCM, age when first tried cigarette smoking; age 10 U, age 10 and under; age 15 A, age 15 and above; SSP30D, smoking status in the past 30 days; NS, Never smoker; * 0.05, ** 0.01. The model was adjusted for physical activity and screen time. The variance inflation factors (VIF) values did not provide evidence of multicollinearity among the predictor variables (VIF < 10), therefore, the order of factors in the model is not explained.