Table 1.

Summary of characteristics of included studies that investigated non-biomedical factors influencing outpatient and community antibiotic use in China

Characteristic	Number of studies	Studies
Total	54	13–36 38–63 73–76
Language
Chinese	11	29 33 35 41 42 44 46 49 62 63 76
English	43	13–28 30–32 34 36 38–40 43 45 47 48 50–61 73–75
Year of study
2001–2005	2	26 39
2006–2010	3	15 33 58
2011–2015	19	16 18 21 23 24 29–32 34 40–44 47 49 57 73
2016–later	30	13 14 17 19 20 22 25 27 28 35 36 38 45 46 48 50–56 59–63 74–76
Study design
Quantitative study	44	13–15 17–26 28–30 33–36 38–55 62 63 73–76
Longitudinal	1	53
Cross-sectional	38	13–15 17–22 26 28–30 33–36 38–52 62 63 73–76
Experiment	6	23–25 53–55
Qualitative study	5	27 57–59 61
Mixed-methods	5	16 31 32 56 60
Experiment	1	56
Study region
Mainland China
East	14	23 24 34 35 40–42 46 48 49 52 60 62 63
Central	7	14 18 27 47 61 75 76
West	6	22 29 43 44 58 59
Across regions	17	13 17 19 20 25 28 36 38 45 50 51 53–57 74
Hong Kong	9	15 16 21 26 30–32 39 73
Taiwan	1	33
Urbanicity
Urban	10	28 33 34 41 42 55 61 62 73 76
Rural	7	14 25 27 52 57 59 60
Both	33	13 15–24 26 29–32 35 36 38 39 43–47 49–51 53 54 56 58 63
Unknown	4	40 48 74 75
Participants
Healthcare consumers
General public  (adults >18 years)	29	14–17 19–21 29–36 38 40 43 44 46–50 52 57 62 63 73
Parents or caregivers	8	13 18 28 41 42 45 51 76
Healthcare providers
Healthcare professionals and/or community pharmacies	13	22–26 39 53–55 60 61 74 75
Both sides of healthcare system	4	27 56 58 59
Antibiotic misuse in the community
Self-medication with antibiotics	34	13–21 27–36 40–46 48–52 58 62 63
Taking antibiotics as prophylaxis	12	13 17–20 36 38 43 50–52 57
Over-the-counter purchases/sales	22	15 16 18 21 28 30–33 41 44 48 50 52–59 76
Patient side reported	19	15 16 18 21 28 30–33 41 44 48 50 52 56–59 76
Experiment	4	53–56
Household storage of antibiotics	23	13 14 16–21 28 29 31 32 35 41–43 46 50–52 58 62 63
Demand for antibiotic prescriptions	23	13 16–21 27–36 38 47 57 62 63 76