Table 2.
Information of 75 included studies.
| No | Author(s) and Publication Date | Area of the Publication Activity | Origin of Countries | Study Design | Target Population (Sample Size) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Albuquerque (2014) [10] | Portugal | Denmark, Sweden, Estonia, Slovenia, Hungary, The Czech Republic, Poland, Germany, Austria, The Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland, France, Italy, Spain and Portugal. | Cross-sectional | 33,647 cases of households with people who have children |
| 2 | Björnberg and Ekbrand (2008) [17] | Sweden | Sweden | Cross-sectional | 2666 respondents aged 18 years or older |
| 3 | Bordone and de Valk (2016) [18] | UK; Austria; Netherlands; Belgium |
Denmark and Sweden represent Northern Europe; Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands, and Switzerland represent Central Europe; Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain represent Southern Europe. | Cross-sectional | 62,213 parent-child dyads. |
| 4 | Brandt (2013) [19] | Germany | 11 European countries (Austria AU, Belgium BE, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland) | Cross-sectional | 30,000 respondents from 11 European countries; |
| 5 | Brandt and Deindl (2013) [20] | Germany | 13 European countries (Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland) | Cross-sectional | 60,250 dyads |
| 6 | Bucx et al. (2012) [21] | Netherlands | Netherlands | Cross-sectional | 2022 young adults (ages 18–34 years) in the Netherlands, |
| 7 | Cheng et al. (2015) [22] | USA | USA | Cross-sectional | 364 parents who had at least one young adult child who also participated in this study |
| 8 | Chen and Jordan (2018) [23] | Hong Kong; South Africa |
China | Cross-sectional | 16,201 parent–child dyads. |
| 9 | Chen et al. (2017) [11] | China; UK |
China | Cross-sectional | 19,947 persons aged 60 and above |
| 10 | Chou (2010) [24] | Hong Kong | Hong Kong | Cross-sectional | A total of 4812 household |
| 11 | Chou (2008) [25] | Hong Kong | Hong Kong | Cross-sectional | 18,877 respondents from 7200 households |
| 12 | Cong and Silverstein (2012) [26] | USA | China | longitudinal | 1162 parents, aged 60 and older, living in rural areas of Anhui Province, China; 4791 children |
| 13 | Cong and Silverstein (2011) [8] | USA | China | longitudinal | Working sample with 1126 elders |
| 14 | Cooney and Dykstra (2011) [27] | USA; Netherlands |
USA, Netherlands | Cross-sectional | 1232 cases for the US sample and 792 cases for the Netherlands sample |
| 15 | Deindl and Brandt (2011) [28] | Germany | 14 European countries (Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Ireland, The Netherlands, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, and Spain) | Cross-sectional | All children aged 50 or more years with at least one natural parent aged 64 or more years alive |
| 16 | Emery (2013) [29] | Germany | 14 European countries | Cross-sectional | 15,412 households from 14 European Countries |
| 17 | Evandrou et al. (2018) [30] | UK | UK | Longitudinal | 6245 individuals (3073 men and 3172 women) |
| 18 | Fingerman et al. (2016) [31] | USA | USA | Longitudinal | 191 middle-aged adults (mean age 55.93) |
| 19 | Fingerman et al. (2011) [32] | USA | USA | Cross-sectional | The sample included Black (n = 216; 108 men and 108 women) and White (n = 397; 184 men and 213 women) adults ages 40–60. |
| 20 | Fingerman et al. (2011) [33] | USA | USA | Cross-sectional | 633 adults aged 40–60 who resided in the Philadelphia Primary Metropolitan Statistical Area |
| 21 | Gans and Lowenstein, (2009) [34] | USA; Isreal |
Spain, Israel, Germany, England, and Norway | Cross-sectional | 6100 respondents |
| 22 | Ghazi-Tabatabaei and Karimi (2011) [2] | Iran; Finland |
Iran | Cross-sectional | 381 adult children |
| 23 | Gilligan et al. (2017) [35] | USA | USA | Longitudinal | 1338 adult children nested within 369 families. |
| 24 | Goodsell et al. (2015) [36] | USA | USA | Cross-sectional | 2004 Middletown Kinship Survey (n = 338) |
| 25 | Guo et al. (2009) [37] | USA | China | Longitudinal | 1715 older adults aged 60 and older from the Chaohu region |
| 26 | Haberkern and Szydlik (2010) [38] | Switzerland | Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, The Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland | Cross-sectional | 28,516 people |
| 27 | Hank and Buber (2009) [39] | Germany | Austria, Denmark, France, Greece, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, and Spain | Cross-sectional | 22,000 individuals ages 50 or older |
| 28 | Heylen et al. (2012) [40] | Belgium | France and Bulgaria | Cross-sectional | 3119 Bulgarian respondents and 2233 French respondents for the analyses on childcare. For personal care, there are 770 Bulgarian respondents and 1557 French respondents |
| 29 | Hlebec and Filipovic Hrast (2018) [41] | Slovenia | Slovenia | Cross-sectional | Slovenian national survey of social home care users and their family members, 643 dyads |
| 30 | Hu (2017) [42] | China | China | Cross-sectional | A total of 2916 observations (each surveyed older person has multiple children) |
| 31 | Igel and Szydlik (2011) [6] | Switzerland | Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland | Cross-sectional | 28,517 people older than 50 years |
| 32 | Igel et al. (2009) [43] | Switzerland | 11 countries (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland) | Cross-sectional | The Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, which includes information about 28,517 people |
| 33 | Jiménez-Martín and Prieto (2015) [44] | Spain | Austria, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland | Longitudinal | 13,754 observations |
| 34 | Jin et al. (2015) [45] | China; USA |
China | Cross-sectional | 323 older never-married men; 265 married men under 50, 160 married women, and 518 parents of the above respondents |
| 35 | Kalbarczyk-Steclik and Nicinska (2012) [46] | Poland | Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, The Netherlands, Poland, Spain, and Sweden | Cross-sectional | All parents (31,820) whose children are unambiguously identified either as genetically related or non-genetically related (step, foster, or adopted) are selected for the descriptive analysis |
| 36 | Khan (2014) [47] | UK | Denmark, France, Germany, Poland, Sweden, UK, Canada, USA, Brazil, Mexico, Russia, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and South Korea | Cross-sectional | 9843 men and 11,390 women |
| 37 | Kim et al. (2016) [48] | USA | USA | Cross-sectional | 431 middle-aged parents |
| 38 | Kim et al. (2015) [49] | USA; Korea |
Korea | Cross-sectional | Adults (n = 920, age 30–59 years) with at least one living parent and one living parent-in-law |
| 39 | Kim et al. (2017) [50] | USA | USA | Longitudinal | 380 middle-aged adults |
| 40 | Kim et al. (2012) [51] | USA; Korea; |
USA | Cross-sectional | 20,129 respondents belonging to 6710 respondent households |
| 41 | Knodel and Nguyen (2015) [52] | USA; Thailand; Vietnam |
Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam | Cross-sectional | Sample sizes of person and older were 4080 for the MSOP, 2789 for the VNAS, and 34,173 for the SOPT |
| 42 | Komter and Schans (2008) [53] | Netherlands | Netherlands | Cross-sectional | Patterns of reciprocity in intergenerational support exchange among three ethnic groups, ‘Mediterraneans’, ‘Caribbeans’, and native Dutch, (n = 3, 520) are analysed. |
| 43 | Lee and Bauer (2010) [54] | South Korea | South Korea | Cross-sectional | S nationally representative sample of 3329 grandmothers between 45 and 79 years of age |
| 44 | Leopold and Raab (2013) [55] | Germany; Italy |
USA | Cross-sectional | 1010 respondents comprising 3768 parent–child dyads |
| 45 | Lin and Yi (2013) [5] | Taiwan | China, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan | Cross-sectional | 1849 valid subjects from China, 1137 from Japan, 1130 from Korea, and 1430 from Taiwan |
| 46 | Lin and Yi (2011) [12] | Taiwan | China, Taiwan | Cross-sectional | After deleting subjects with no living aging parent, the final sample (adult children, G2) for China was 1078 respondents, and that for Taiwan was 794 respondents |
| 47 | Lin and Pei (2016) [56] | USA; China |
China | Cross-sectional | 770 elderly parents |
| 48 | Li and Shin (2013) [57] | Australia; UK |
Urban China | Cross-sectional | 903 participants |
| 49 | Litwin et al. (2008) [9] | Israel; Germany; Italy; |
Germany and Israel | Cross-sectional | The German data: 3020 personal interviews; The Israeli data: interviews 1813 interviews |
| 50 | Lorca and Ponce (2015) [58] | Chile | Chile | Cross-sectional | 609 people aged 45 and over |
| 51 | Moor and Komter (2012) [4] | The Netherlands | Bulgaria, Georgia, Romania, and Russia | Cross-sectional | Bulgaria (n = 11,827); Russia (n = 10,256); Georgia (n = 9858); Romania (n = 11,760) |
| 52 | Mureşan (2017) [59] | Romania | Bulgaria, Romania, Poland, Czech Republic, Lithuania, Georgia, Russia, Germany, France, and Norway | Cross-sectional | Almost 60,000 cases, of which two third from Eastern Europe (40,512 cases) and one third from Western Europe (19,595 cases). |
| 53 | Mudrazija (2014) [60] | USA | Denmark, Sweden, Austria, Belgium France, Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Greece, Italy, and Spain | Cross-sectional | 36,095 parent-child dyads from 11 European countries |
| 54 | Noel-Miller and Tfaily (2009) [61] | USA; Canada |
Mexico | Cross-sectional | 1757 couples |
| 55 | Quashie and Zimmer (2013) [62] | USA | Latin America, the Caribbean | Cross-sectional | 1248 elderly people |
| 56 | Quashie (2015) [1] | Thailand | Latin America, the Caribbean | Cross-sectional | 1878 households from seven urban cities in Latin America and the Caribbean with persons aged 60 years and over were selected |
| 57 | Schenk et al. (2010) [63] | The Netherlands | The Netherlands, Belgium, Austria, Germany, France, Sweden, Denmark, Spain, Italy, and Greece | Cross-sectional | The number of parents in the analysis sample ranged from 947 parents in Denmark to 2006 parents in Belgium, the number of children is 32,758, and they had 17,050 parents in the sample |
| 58 | Siennick (2016) [64] | USA | USA | Longitudinal | Data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (N [Wave3] = 14,023; N [Wave4] = 14,361) |
| 59 | Sigurđardóttir and Júlíusdóttir (2013) [65] | Iceland | Iceland | Cross-sectional | 648 youths; 206 grandparents; |
| 60 | Shapiro and Remle (2010) [66] | USA; | USA | longitudinal | 6017 households with adult children |
| 61 | Song et al. (2012) [67] | China; USA |
China | longitudinal | The total number of children–parent pairs was 8064 |
| 62 | Spitze et al. (2012) [68] | USA | USA | Cross-sectional | Eligible parents were 4215; 7927 observations from the adult children. |
| 63 | Strauss (2013) [69] | USA | USA | Cross-sectional | S sample of individuals caring for a parent (n = 77), individuals caring for an in-law (n = 26) and a comparison group of non-caregivers (n = 1939) from the Midlife Development in the United States study |
| 64 | Suitor et al. (2014) [70] | USA | USA | Longitudinal | 130 widowed or divorced mothers aged 72–83 |
| 65 | Svensson-Dianellou et al. (2010) [71] | UK; Greece | Greece | Cross-sectional | 190 grandparents around Greece |
| 66 | Szinovacz and Davey (2012) [72] | USA | USA | Longitudinal | 12,652 respondents; 7702 households |
| 67 | Taniguchi et al. (2017) [13] | USA | Japan | Cross-sectional | 1158 Japanese respondents |
| 68 | Theerawanviwat (2014) [14] | Thailand | Thailand | Cross-sectional | 657 elderly persons |
| 69 | Vega (2017) [73] | USA | USA | Cross-sectional | 29,629 non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Asian, and Hispanic women aged 50 years and older |
| 70 | Verbrugge and Chan (2008) [74] | USA; Singapore |
Singapore | Cross-sectional | 1995 national survey (n = 4750); 1999 national survey (n = 1977) |
| 71 | Wu and Li (2014) [75] | China | China | Cross-sectional | 1520 observations of residents aged 45 years and above in China |
| 72 | Yi and Lin (2009) [76] | Taiwan | Taiwan | Cross-sectional | 756 adults |
| 73 | Yount et al. (2012) [77] | USA | Egypt | Cross-sectional | 886 older adults with living children |
| 74 | Zimmer et al. (2008) [15] | USA | Thailand, Cambodia | Cross-sectional | Thailand: 3202 adults aged 60 and older and 17,517 adult children; Cambodian: 777 adults aged 60 and older and 3751 adult children |
| 75 | Zuo et al. (2011) [78] | China | China | Longitudinal | 895 elder mothers and 759 elder fathers in the working sample |