Table 4.
Strength characteristics of the knee joint flexor and extensor muscles at a load of 60°/s, recorded before (T1) and after (T2) the 12-week training programme in both study groups (PFS and FS).
| Group | T1 | T2 | T1 vs. T2 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | CI | SD | Mean | CI | SD | Student’s t-Test | Cohen’s d | |||
| t | p | |||||||||
| PFS | PT E 60 R (Nm) | 97.25 | 83.56–110.94 | 27.5 | 106.19 | 89.13–123.25 | 35.4 | −0.97 | 0.3446 | 0.29 |
| PT E 60 L (Nm) | 92.81 | 77.80–107.82 | 31.1 | 98.28 | 83.83–112.74 | 30.0 | −2.20 | 0.0413 * | 0.18 | |
| PT F 60 R (Nm) | 42.97 | 35.47–50.47 | 15.1 | 50.97 | 42.40–59.55 | 17.8 | −3.13 | 0.0062 * | 0.50 | |
| PT F 60 L (Nm) | 45.52 | 37.91–53.12 | 15.8 | 50.86 | 42.35–59.37 | 17.7 | −3.19 | 0.0051 * | 0.33 | |
| TW E 60 R (J) | 440.89 | 379.77–502.02 | 122.9 | 513.22 | 436.71–589.72 | 158.7 | −2.39 | 0.0284 * | 0.52 | |
| TW E 60 L (J) | 423.96 | 375.20–472.71 | 98.0 | 467.03 | 394.30–539.76 | 150.9 | −0.92 | 0.3685 | 0.35 | |
| TW F 60 R (J) | 222.12 | 184.32–259.91 | 78.4 | 258.24 | 213.58–302.90 | 92.7 | −2.99 | 0.0078 * | 0.43 | |
| TW F 60 L (J) | 237.64 | 195.78–279.50 | 86.8 | 260.99 | 216.14–305.84 | 93.0 | −2.56 | 0.0196 * | 0.27 | |
| aP E 60 R (W) | 61.04 | 51.89–70.20 | 18.4 | 64.02 | 54.00–74.04 | 20.8 | −0.26 | 0.7993 | 0.16 | |
| aP E 60 L (W) | 58.44 | 49.24–67.63 | 19.1 | 61.52 | 51.10–71.93 | 21.6 | −1.11 | 0.2800 | 0.16 | |
| aP F 60 R (W) | 27.63 | 22.14–33.13 | 11.0 | 31.04 | 25.17–36.91 | 12.2 | −1.58 | 0.1337 | 0.30 | |
| aP F 60 L (W) | 29.40 | 23.58–35.22 | 12.1 | 31.25 | 25.28–37.23 | 12.4 | −1.13 | 0.2728 | 0.16 | |
| FS | PT E 60 R (Nm) | 69.35 | 53.56–85.13 | 30.7 | 77.68 | 61.53–93.82 | 31.4 | −2.91 | 0.0103 * | 0.28 |
| PT E 60 L (Nm) | 68.65 | 52.86–84.44 | 30.7 | 75.31 | 57.09–93.53 | 35.4 | −2.97 | 0.0090 * | 0.21 | |
| PT F 60 R (Nm) | 33.36 | 25.52–41.20 | 15.2 | 39.35 | 30.28–48.41 | 17.6 | −3.01 | 0.0083 * | 0.37 | |
| PT F 60 L (Nm) | 30.86 | 22.70–39.02 | 15.9 | 36.75 | 28.11–45.39 | 16.8 | −4.98 | 0.0001 * | 0.37 | |
| TW E 60 R (J) | 369.06 | 269.86–468.25 | 192.9 | 395.15 | 308.36–481.94 | 168.8 | −0.98 | 0.3410 | 0.15 | |
| TW E 60 L (J) | 346.18 | 259.83–432.53 | 167.9 | 373.01 | 280.36–465.66 | 180.2 | −1.83 | 0.0861 | 0.16 | |
| TW F 60 R (J) | 168.82 | 118.11–219.52 | 98.6 | 185.09 | 126.74–243.44 | 113.5 | −0.88 | 0.3923 | 0.16 | |
| TW F 60 L (J) | 154.66 | 103.93–205.40 | 98.7 | 176.48 | 129.61–223.35 | 91.2 | −2.40 | 0.0287 * | 0.24 | |
| aP E 60 R (W) | 42.33 | 32.18–52.48 | 19.7 | 46.41 | 36.35–56.47 | 19.6 | −2.25 | 0.0387 * | 0.21 | |
| aP E 60 L (W) | 41.10 | 31.10–51.10 | 19.4 | 45.49 | 34.24–56.75 | 21.9 | −3.04 | 0.0077 * | 0.22 | |
| aP F 60 R (W) | 18.83 | 13.55–24.11 | 10.3 | 25.48 | 19.51–31.44 | 11.6 | −2.56 | 0.0211 * | 0.63 | |
| aP F 60 L (W) | 16.83 | 11.41–22.24 | 10.5 | 20.80 | 15.36–26.24 | 10.6 | −4.47 | 0.0004 * | 0.39 | |
PFS—pre-frailty syndrome group; FS—frailty syndrome group; PT-peak torque; TW-total work; aP-average power; E-knee extensors; F-knee flexors; R-right side; L-left side. * Differences were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05; CI—confidence interval ±95%.