Table 1.

The normal sensed data blockchain processing procedure.

Stages	Steps	Procedures
Generating data	1	An SDD transmits the normal sensed data to a neighboring RDD.
Creating and propagating a new block/transaction (see Section 3.1.1 for details)	2	The RDD received the normal data creates a new block and a transaction.
	3	The RDD writes the device (RDD and SDD) information and the normal sensed data to the Transaction and writes the transaction, the hash of the previous block, and the device (SDD) information to the block.
	4	The RDD requests the transaction commit time to the Time node.
	5	The Time node schedules the commit time, registers the time in its own scheduling table, and then returns the allocated commit time to the RDD.
	6	The RDD computes the hash of the block, writes it to the hash field of the block, and then propagates the block to other RDDs.
Registering the block in the standby ledger(see Section 3.1.2 for details)	7	All the RDDs (including the RDD that performed the block propagation) register the block in their respective standby ledgers.
Synchronizing the block and integrating data for transmission(see Section 3.1.3 for details)	8	The Time node commits the standby ledger to the normal data ledger when the commit time has been reached.
	9	The RDD, which added the last block to the standby ledger, extracts/compresses the normal sensed data from its ledger and then sends it to the smart dust IoT server using the two-phase data reduction method.