Table 1.
Sample demographics and biomarker levels (bold indicates significance).
| Demographics | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| p-value (data normally distributed; unpaired t-test) | 0.6 | ||
| Mean age of healthy individuals (n = 13) | 55.6 (±10.7) | ||
| Mean age of COVID-19 (n = 37) | 53.1 (±14.7) | ||
| Serum Ferritin (µg·mL−1) (COVID-19: n = 33; controls: n = 13) | |||
| p-value (Mann-Whitney U test, unpaired nonparametric data expressed as median) (Q1–Q3) | 0.0009 (***) | ||
| Median of healthy individuals | 113.5 (55.8–149.3) | ||
| Median of COVID-19 patients | 306.6 (162.0–699.0) | ||
| CRP (µg·mL−1) (COVID-19: n = 37; controls: n = 13) | |||
| p-value (Mann-Whitney U test, unpaired nonparametric data expressed as median) (Q1–Q3) | <0.0001 (***) | ||
| Median of healthy individuals | 0.8 (0.3–2.1) | ||
| Median of COVID-19 patients | 44.1 (13.2–108.0) | ||
| Soluble P-selectin (ng·mL−1) (COVID-19: n = 30; controls: n = 10) | |||
| Our P-selectin (ng·mL−1) analysis | Goshua et al., 2020 analysis (ng·mL−1) | ||
| p-value | 0.0009 (***) | p-value | 0.001 |
| Median of healthy individuals (n = 10) | 26.7 (23.9–27.2) | Median of healthy individuals (n = 13) | 9.5 (8.5–11.3) |
| Median of COVID-19 patients (n = 30) | 17.36 (14.3–22.3) | Median of ICU COVID-19 patients (n = 48) | 15.9 (4.8) |
| Median of non-ICU COVID-19 patients (n = 20) | 11.2 (3.1) | ||
| Our ELISA kit average ranges for control data | 15–55 (Citrate and EDTA plasma) | Their ELISA kit insert average for control data | 25.8 (citrate plasma) and 18.3 to 57.4 (EDTA plasma) |
| Platelet-poor plasma viscosity (mPa·second) | |||
| p-value (data normally distributed; unpaired t-test) (control: n = 10; COVID-19: n = 7) | 0.007 (**) | ||
| Mean viscosity of healthy individuals | 2.0 (±0.2) | ||
| Mean viscosity of COVID-19 samples | 2.8 (±0.8) | ||
| Thromboelastography® of platelet-poor plasma (PPP) | |||
| Parameter | Plasma from healthy samples (n = 10) | Plasma from COVID-19 samples (n = 7) | p-value |
| R | 16.41 (±6.1) | 12.9 (±5.2) | 0.1 |
| α angle | 52.4 (34.4–61.3) | 46.0 (33.9–63.3) | 0.7 |
| MA | 32.1 (24.5–36.0) | 48.2 (35.0–53.8) | 0.04 (*) |
| MRTG | 4.7 (±3.0) | 7.5 (±3) | 0.04 (*) |
| TMRTG | 17.6 (13.1–23.6) | 13.2 (11.3–18.4) | 0.4 |
| TTG | 237 (162.6–415.6) | 577.7 (422.0–642.3) | 0.009 (**) |
Statistical significance was established at p < 0.05. (* = p < 0.05, ** = p < 0.01, and *** = p < 0.001). Data is represented as either mean ± standard deviation or median (Q1–Q3). CRP: C-reactive protein, COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019, R: reaction time, α: alpha, MA: maximal amplitude, MRTG: maximum rate of thrombus generation, TMRTG: time to maximum rate of thrombus generation, and TTG: total thrombus generation.