Table 4.
Characteristics of interventions in the included studies.
| No. | Reference (Localization) |
Wound Healing (Rate) | Frequency of Dressing Change Dressing Wear Time |
Adverse Events (n) | Conclusion | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SG | CG | SG | CG | SG | CG | |||
| Bale et al., 1997 (the UK) |
nd | nd | Mean wear times: SG: 3.2 days; The maximum wear time for an individual dressing was 11 days. |
Mean wear times: CG: 3.8 days The maximum wear time for an individual dressing was 13 days. |
0 | 1 (skin rash) | SG and CG are easy and convenient to apply; absorbency and ease of removal were significantly better with CG than SG; wear times were similar. | |
| Brown-Etris et al., 2008 (the USA, Canada) |
Linear healing rate, cm/wk Mean (SD): 0.12 (0.136). |
Linear healing rate, cm/wk Mean (SD): 0.10 (0.205). |
Mean (SD) wear time was: 4.7 (2.29) days. |
Mean (SD) wear time was: 5.7 (2.55) days. |
8 None of the adverse events were related to the study dressings under evaluation. |
10 None of the adverse events were related to the study dressings under evaluation. |
Performance results favored the CG over the SG as standard treatment for stage II and shallow stage III pressure ulcers. | |
| Chamorro et al., 2019 (Spain) |
nd | nd | The dressing was changed every 7 days. | The dressing was changed every 7 days. | 0 | 6 (infection, erythema, dressing hypersensitivity) | CG were superior to SG in terms of healing at 8 weeks and time required for healing. These two dressings had similar safety profiles. | |
| Gorse et al., 1987 (the USA) |
Completely healed Rate of decrease, cm2/d: 0.72 ± 1.22 Days to resolution: 10.0 ± 10.5 |
Completely healed Rate of decrease, cm2/d: 0.55 ± 0.59 Days to resolution: 8.7 ± 6.2 |
The dressing was changed routinely every four days or more frequently if the membrane became contaminated with stool, became nonocclusive, or if signs and symptoms of systemic infection developed. | The dressings were changed every eight hours. | 1 (infection) | 0 | SG regimen was more efficacious even in a subgroup of patients who did not receive adequate nutritional support during treatment. Adequate nutritional support during the study was associated with better healing in both SG and CG. | |
| Hollisaz et al., 2004 (Iran) |
n (%) The completion of healing, regardless of location and stage: 23/31 (74.19%). Completion of healing of stage I ulcers: 11/13 (85%). Completion of healing of stage II ulcers: 12/18 (67%). |
n (%) The completion of healing, regardless of location and stage: 8/30 (26.66%). Completion of healing of stage I ulcers: 5/11 (45%). Completion of healing of stage II ulcers: 3/19 (16%). |
Twice a day. | Twice a day. | 0 | 0 | SG is the most effective method investigated for treating stage I and II pressure ulcers in young paraplegic men. | |
| Hondé et al., 1994 (France) |
The median healing time was 38 (range 11–63) days. | The median healing time was 32 (range 13–59) days. | nd | nd | 6 (infection) | 6 (infection) | GK is easy to use, safeguards the healing process, and is of particular value in the management of pressure sores. | |
| Sopata et al., 2002 (Poland) |
Rate of healing (cm2/day): 0.67 ± 0.37 cm2/day (grade II) and 0.31 ± 0.21 cm2/day (grade III). “Improved” ulcers (grade III only) healed at 0.27 ± 0.11 cm2/day. Treatment times (days):Medium time: 20.10 ± 14.70 (n = 20) |
Rate of healing (cm2/day): 1.23 ± 1.33 cm2/day (grade II) and 0.44 ± 0.27 cm2/day (grade III). “Improved” ulcers (grade III only) healed at 0.70 ± 0.63 cm2/day. Treatment times (days): Medium time: 25.77 ± 14.15 (n = 18) |
Dressings were changed according to clinical need. | Dressings were changed according to clinical need. | 0 | 0 | There was no statistical difference between SG and CG in efficacy, healing rates, and treatment times. | |
| Thomas et al., 2005 (the USA) |
n (%): 7 (44%) with complete healing of their pressure ulcer. |
n (%): 8 (57%) with complete healing of their pressure ulcer. |
The dressing was changed every 7 days or when the occlusive seal was broken. | The dressing was changed every 7 days or when the occlusive seal was broken. | nd (adverse events and serious adverse events were assessed at each weekly visit). | nd (adverse events and serious adverse events were assessed at each weekly visit). | There was no statistical difference between SG and CG. However, at almost all points along the healing curve, the proportion not healed was higher in SG. | |
Note: nd—no data; SG—study group; CG—control group; source: the authors’ own analysis.