Table 1.
The concentrations of As species in different samples obtained by non-chromatographic methods based on the hydride generation technique a.
| Matrix | As(III), μg L−1 | As(V), μg L−1 | i-As, μg L−1 | DMA, μg L−1 | MMA, μg L−1 | o-As b, μg L−1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liquid Matrices | ||||||
| Waters | ||||||
| drinking | 0.17–4.7 [2,3,4] | 0.05–63.9 [2,3,4,5] | ||||
| ground | 0.080–395 [4,6,7,8,9,10,11] | 0.01–312 [4,6,7,8,9,10,11] | 0.31–308 [12,13,14] | |||
| underground | 1.25–1016 [3,15,16] | 0.97–554.3 [3,15,16] | 1.4–2.8 [3] | 0.8–1.2 [3] | ||
| tap | 0.015–12.7 [4,9,16,17,18,19] | 0.050–35 [4,9,15,16,17,18,19,20,21] | 0.30–0.80 [19] | |||
| river | 0.235–1.4 [4,10,20,22] | 0.186–2.22 [4,10,20,21,22] | 1.79–2.05 [14] | |||
| lake | 0.11–0.95 [10,20,23,24] | 0.03–1.30 [10,20,21,22,23,24] | 3.80 [14] | 0.007 [24] | ||
| sea | 0.03–2.2 [3,10,11,17,24,25] | 0.17–19.8 [3,10,11,17,24,25] | 0.15 [24] | 0.15–0.19 [3] | ||
| waste | 0.345 [4] | 0.052–0.957 [4,21] | ||||
| rain | 1.52 [26] | 5.16 [26] | ||||
| snow | 2.04 [26] | 3.60 [26] | ||||
| Beverages | ||||||
| wine | 1.3–21.3 [27,28] | |||||
| tea | 0.3–14.4 [29] | 56–59.6 [29] | 11.4–23.3 [29] | |||
| fruit juices | 0.3–3.9 [30] | 0.12–6.6 [30] | ||||
| Biological Samples (human fluids/tissue) | ||||||
| serum | 0.604–0.838 [4] | 1.087–3.010 [4] | ||||
| urine | 0.548–3.142 [4] | 0.410–1.334 [4] | ||||
| blood/blood plasma | 15.8–19.2 [31] | 13.4–34.8 [31] | 13.5–30.6 [31] | |||
| Solid Matrices | ||||||
| Matrix | As(III), ng g−1 | As(V), ng g−1 | i-As, ng g−1 | DMA, ng g−1 | MMA, ng g−1 | o-As b, ng g−1 |
| Environmental | ||||||
| soil | 5.2–8.1 c [32] | 16.0–20.4 c [32] | ||||
| phosphate rocks | 2.1–3.9 µg g−1 [33] | 5.2–20.0 µg g−1 [33] | ||||
| airborne particulate matter | 2.7–10.5 ng m−3 [34] | 3.8–20 ng m−3 [34] | ||||
| Industrial | ||||||
| glass | 13.6–395 µg g−1 [35] | 10.6–1205 µg g−1 [35] | ||||
| Agricultural Agents | ||||||
| phosphate fertilizers | 2.6–7.5 µg g−1 [33,36] | 11.79–69.02 µg g−1 [33,36] |
||||
| pesticide | 0.90 µg g−1 [37] | 0.81 µg g−1 [37] | ||||
| herbicyde | 1.47 µg g−1 [37] | |||||
| Food | ||||||
| rice | 22–248 [22,38,39,40] | 5–76 [22,38,39,40] | 30–600 [41,42,43,44,45,46] | 4.2–67.3 [22,39,40] |
2.2–38.1 [22,39] | 12.2–112.2 [45] |
| rice products | 12.3–52.7 [47] | 1.4–29.6 [47] | 20–570 [41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48] | 15–89 [48] | 2.9–5.3 [48] | |
| wheat semolina | 55 [39] | 25 [39] | 1.9 [39] | 1.5 [39] | ||
| milk | 1.5–5.9 [49] | 2.1–8.1 [49] | ||||
| mushrooms | 81–624 [50] | 59–380 [50] | ||||
| chard | 89.2–90.6 [51] | 14.2–15.3 [51] | 4.1–4.3 [51] | 3.5–3.7 [51] | ||
| aubergine | 20.6–20.9 [51] | 61.0–61.9 [51] | 1.1–1.2 [51] | 1.2 [51] | ||
| Marine Organism | ||||||
| fish | 80.3–230 [52] | 108–310 [52] | 510–1310 [52] | 490–780 [52] | 9.4–16 a,c µg g−1 [52] | |
| seaweed | 0.05–57.5, µg/g [44,53,54,55] |
|||||
| Pharmaceuticals | ||||||
| TCM (herbs) | 22.8 c [56] | 145.1 c [56] | 116.4 b,d [56] | |||
| herbaceous plant | 0.030–8.32 µg g−1 [57,58] | 0.050–4.59 µg g−1 [57] | 1.08–6.91 µg g−1 [58] | 0.040, µg g−1 [57] | ||
| dietary supplements | 25–93 [59] | 58–201 [59] | ||||
i-As: the inorganic tri- and pentavalent As species (As(III) and As(V)). TCM: traditional Chinese medicines. a Concentration ranges based on reported results in works cited in this review. b Total organic As species concentrations (DMA+MMA) calculated as the difference between total As (determined after digestion) and i-As concentrations. c Water soluble fraction. d As non-toxic, i.e., unreactive As forms toward HG (mainly AsB) calculated as the difference between total As (determined after digestion) and the hydride-active toxic As species, i.e., the sum of As(III)+As(V)+DMA+MMA.