Table 1.
Intracellular and membrane receptor families in microorganisms, plants, and animals. GPCR, G protein-coupled receptor; AHL, N-Acyl homoserine lactone; NO, nitrogen oxide; TLR, toll-like receptor; QS, quorum sensing; PQS, pseudomonas quinolone signal; LPS, lipopolysaccharide.
| Receptors | Mechanisms | Ligands | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intracellular, Ligand-Regulated, Transcription Factors | LuxR (LasR, TraR) | Transcription | QS autoinducers (various AHL) | Bacteria |
| LysR (PqsR) | Transcription | PQS (various Quinolones) | Bacteria | |
| Nuclear Receptors | Transcription | oleate ergosterol | Fungi | |
| Transcription | Florigen (PEBP) | Plants | ||
| Transcription | brassinosteroids, gibberellins, jasmonates, salicylates | Plants | ||
| Transcription | Steroid and thyroid hormones, VitD, RA, prostaglandins | Animals | ||
| Other, Intracellular, Ligand-Regulated Targets | Ubiquitin-ligase | Protein degradation | auxin | Plants |
| Monomeric G protein (Ste2–3p) | ? | farnesol tyrosol tryptophol | Fungi | |
| NO sensing protein | Two-step His/Asp transfer | Nitric Oxide | Bacteria | |
| soluble guanylate cyclase | cGMP increase | Nitric Oxide | Animals | |
| His kinases | Two-step His/Asp transfer | Ethylene, brassinosteroids | Plants | |
| His kinases | Two-step His/Asp transfer | arabinose, Mg++ | Fungi | |
| Di-guanylate cyclase | di-cGMP increase | environment signals | Bacteria | |
| Tyr kinases (RTK) | IRS, Shc Tyr phosphorylation | IGF, insulin, EGF | Animals | |
| Ser/Thr kinases | SMAD S/T phosphorylation | TGFβ, BMP, Activin, Inhibin | Animals | |
| guanylate-cyclase | cGMP increase | ANF | Animals | |
| Tyr-phosphatase | Tyr dephosphorylation | Proteoglycans or unknowns | Animals | |
| Plasma Membrane, Non-Enzyme, Receptors | ionotropic R | Ion entry | glutamate acetylcholine, amino acids?, mechano-stress, sterols | Animals, Plants, Bacteria |
| Notch | Transcription domain liberation by proteolysis | Cell membranes proteins (Delta Jagged Serrate) | Animals | |
| Cytokine R | Kinase recruitment (JAK) | GH, Prl, interleukins, | Animals | |
| BcR, TcR, FcR | Kinase recruitment (lck, lyn) | MHC, antigens, immunoglobulins | Animals | |
| TNFR | TRADD TRAF RIP caspases recruitment | TNF | Animals | |
| Integrins | SFK Talin Kindin Vinculin recruitment (cytoskeleton organization) | Extracellular matrix components | Animals | |
| Toll, TLR | Myd88 recruitment | LPS, bact DNA, flagelin | Animals | |
| 7TMR (GPCR) | Trimeric G-protein recruitment | alpha mating factor | Yeast | |
| 7TMR (GPCR) | Trimeric G-protein recruitment | hormones neuromediators, pheromones | Animals | |
| 7TMR (mGluR), 7TMR (Frizzled) | Homer recruitment, Dishevelled recruitment | Glutamate, Wnt | Animals | |