Figure 3.

The effect of UCB treatment on intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The cell lines were exposed to the increasing UCB concentration (from 0.4 to 30 µM in the presence of 30 µM BSA) or 0.5% DMSO for the time indicated on x-axis. The time of exposure to UCB was defined based on a time course performed in each cell line. The time with the highest increase in ROS production by UCB and 1 mM H₂O₂ (used as positive control) was selected for each cell line (90 min for HepG2 cells, 120 min for SH-SY5Y and HK2 cells, and 360 min for H5V cells). Fluorescence results reflecting ROS production were normalized to the total protein content and compared to DMSO-treated cells. Data are expressed as mean ± SD of three independent experiments. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.