Table 1.
FSW of aluminum and its alloys—process parameters and mechanical properties of the joints.
| Material | Plate Thickness [mm] | Process Parameters | Weld Properties | Reference | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| v [mm/min] | ω [rpm] | Tool Shape | Pin D/d Ratio | Tilt Angle [°] | UTS [MPa] | Yield Strength [MPa] | Hardness of the Stir Zone [HV] | Elongation [%] | Defects | |||
| AA2195-T8 | 7.4 | 300 | 400 | Cone shape threaded pin, threaded surface of the shoulder | - | - | 445.0 (607.9) | - | - | 12.50 (12.49) | No defects | [55] |
| AA356.0-T6 (double side welded) | 8 | 200 | 1200 | Threaded conical pin | 3.25 | - | 200 (244) | 123 (140) |
- | 16.3 (13.4) | - | [56] |
| AA5083 | 3 | 100 | - | M6 threaded pin | 3.6 | 2 | 304 (457) | 154 (392) | - | - | - | [51] |
| AA5086-O | 5 | 150 | 900 | Tapered pin with 3 threads and concave shoulder surface | 3.3 | - | 250 (253) | 123 (112) | - | - | - | [31] |
| AA6013-T4 | 2.5 | 450 | 1400 | - | - | - | 300 (320) |
- | - | - | - | [25] |
| AA6013-T6 | 2.5 | 400 | 1400 | - | - | - | 295 (394) | - | - | - | - | [25] |
| AA6061 | 5 | 100 | 1300 | Cylindrical smooth | - | - | 227 (308.5) | ~153 (266.6) | - | ~7.3 (16.28) | Defect free | [47] |
| AA6061 | 10 | 100 | 1600 | Threaded cylindrical pin | 3 | - | 214.4 (305) | - | - | - | No defects | [48] |
| AA6061-T6 | 5 | 150 | 900 | Tapered pin with 3 threads and concave shoulder surface | 3.3 | - | 285 (315) | 241 (278) | 57 | - | - | [31] |
| AA6061-T651 (double side welded) | 8 | 200 | 1200 | Threaded conical pin | 3.25 | - | 218 (299) | 142 (264) | - | 23.3 (27.2) | - | [56] |
| AA6063 | 5 | 100 | 2800 | Threaded cylindrical pin | 3 | 3 | ~150 (220) | ~70 (170) | - | 4.5 (13) |
- | [57] |
| AA6063-T5 | 4 | 600 | - | - | - | - | ~155 (~220) | ~105 (~185) | - | 10 (~19) | No defects | [58] |
| AA6063-T6 | 4.75 | 40 | 900 | Cylindrical smooth pin | 2.6 | 1.5 | 145.34 (220) | - | - | 20.85 (14.00) | - | [52] |
| AA6082-T6 | 8 | 900 | 710 | Cylindrical pin with threads and three flutes | 3.3 | 1.5 | 243.4 | - | - | - | - | [46] |
| AA6352 (double side welded) | 6 | 115 | 1350 | Tapered pin | - | 2 | 172 (250) | - | 90.2 (93.5) | - | No significant defects | [33] |
| AA7050-T7451 | 6.35 | 103 | 396 | - | - | - | 429 (555) | 304 (489) | - | 6 (16.7) | - | [24] |
| AA7075-T651 | 6.35 | 127 | - | - | - | - | 525 (622) | 365 (571) | - | 15 (14.5) |
- | [42] |
| SSM 356 | 4 | 160 | 1750 | Cylindrical pin | 4 | 3 | 173.5 (168.7) | 138.8 (134.9) | 40.9 (36.4) | 3.1 (5.3) | - | [59] |
| SSM 356-T6 | 4 | 160 | 1750 | Cylindrical pin | 4 | 3 | 172.9 (295.6) | 138.3 (236.5) | 68.4 (61.2) | 4.5 (4.8) | - | [59] |