Table 2.
FSW of magnesium and its alloys–process parameters and mechanical properties of the joints.
| Material | Plate Thickness [mm] | Process Parameters | Weld Properties | Reference | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| v [mm/min] | ω [rpm] | Tool Shape | Pin D/d Ratio | Tilt Angle [°] | UTS [MPa] | Yield Strength [MPa] | Hardness of the Stir Zone [HV] | Elongation [%] | Defects | |||
| AM20 | 4 | 63 | 600 | Cylindrical pin | 4 | - | 132.17 (202) | 115.56 (160) | 61 (46) | 2.17 (7) |
- | [73] |
| AZ31 | 4 | 90 | 1500 | - | 3 | - | 255 (275) | - | - | - | - | [80] |
| AZ31 | 8 | 120 | 1200 | Conical pin | 2 | 2.5 | 225.1 (249.5) | 130.5 (156.3) | - | 5.4 (14) | - | [11] |
| AZ31-O | 2 | 200 | 1000 | - | 2.6 | - | ~170 (~250) | ~90 (~150) | - | - | - | [68] |
| AZ31B | 5 | 0.5 | 1000 | Tapered cylindrical pin | 3 | - | 183 (262) | 101 (179) | - | - | No defects | [74] |
| AZ31B | 5 | 40 | 1400 | Threaded conical pin | 3 | 2.5 | 186.76 (215) | 139.1 (171) | 71 (69) | 5.00 (14.7) | - | [81] |
| AZ31B | 5 | 40 | 1120 | Taper threaded pin | 3 | 2 | 188 (215) | 148 (171) | 121 (69.3) | 7.3 (14.3) | - | [19] |
| AZ31B | 6 | 40.2 | 1600 | Threaded cylindrical pin | 3.0 | 0 | 205 (215) | 166 (171) | 75 (69.3) | 7.3 (14.7) | Defect free | [82] |
| AZ31B | 6 | 50.8 | 1200 | - | - | - | 248 | - | 67.95 HB | - | - | [71] |
| AZ31B-O | 5 | 60 | 1200 | Left handed threaded pin | 3 | - | 187.8 (206) | - | 64.77 (50) | 16.73 (20) |
- | [13] |
| AZ31-H24 | 3.175 | 204 | 2000 | - | - | - | 225.6 (307.7) | 115.3 (227.6) | - | - | No defects | [75] |
| AZ31B-H24 | 4.95 | 4 | 1000 | - | - | - | 208 (315) | 115 (202) | - | - | - | [83] |
| AZ61 | 4 | 25 | 1400 | Left-handed threaded pin with three flutes | 3 | - | 220 (270) | 175 (219) | 81 (70) | 7.2 (~8.2) | - | [16] |
| AZ91 | 6 | 28 | 710 | Threaded straight cylindrical pin | 3 | - | 76.17 | - | - | - | No defects | [84] |
| AZ91 | 6 | 60 | 600 | - | 2.8 | 2.5 | 262 (106) | 132 (55) | - | 18.9 (15.2) | No defects on the top surface | [85] |
| AZ91D | 3 | 75 | 500 | Left-handed tapered cylindrical pin | 2.6 | 2.5 | 107 (107) | - | - | - | Defect free | [86] |
| AZ91D | 3 | 90 | 1200 | - | 2 | - | 200 (220) | 140 (150) | - | 2 (3.6) | - | [87] |
| MB3 | 3 | 120 | 1500 | - | - | - | 240 (245) | - | - | - | No macro defects | [88] |
| Mg-Y-Nd alloy (double side welded) | 20 | 240 | 700 | Threaded conical pin with three flutes | 2 | 3 | 277.6 (336.1) | 204.1 (245.9) | - | 7.27 (10.43) | Defect free | [89] |