Table 3.
FSW of steel and ferrous alloys—process parameters and mechanical properties of the joints.
| Material | Plate Thickness [mm] | Process Parameters | Weld Properties | Reference | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| v [mm/min] | ω [rpm] | Tool Shape | Pin D/d Ratio | Tilt Angle [°] | UTS [MPa] | Yield Strength [MPa] | Hardness of the Stir Zone [HV] | Elongation [%] | Defects | |||
| HSLA-65 | 6 | 154.2 | 600 | Convex step-spiral scroll shoulder | - | - | 852 (538-690) | 662 (448) | - | 22.3 (min 18) |
- | [102] |
| HSLA DMR-249A | 5 | 30 | 600 | Tapered pin with no threads | 5 | 0 | 664 (610) | - | 410 (270) | 19 (29) | Free from macro-level defects | [108] |
| IF | 1.6 | 400 | 400 | Cylindrical pin with no threads | 3 | 3 | ~310 (284) | - | - | - | - | [104] |
| S12C | 1.6 | 400 | 400 | Cylindrical pin with no threads | 3 | 3 | ~480 (317) | - | - | - | - | [104] |
| S35C | 1.6 | 200 | 400 | Cylindrical pin with no threads | 3 | 3 | ~780 (574) | - | - | - | - | [104] |
| DH36 | 6 | 450 | 600 | - | - | 0 | 832.51 (531.62) | 656.68 (376.71) | - | 5.57 | - | [106] |
| DH36 | 6.4 | 306 | 526 | Slightly tapered pin with no threads | - | 2.5 | ~940 (~580) | ~650 (~350) | - | - | No volumetric defects | [90] |
| Ultrafine grained AISI 304L | 2 | 80 | 630 | Conical pin | ~3 | 3 | ~760 (920) | ~500 (720) | 285 (330) | ~42 (47) | - | [109] |
| AISI 316 | 4 | 8 | 1100 | - | - | - | 610 (608) | - | 230 (190) | 35 (49) | - | [105] |
| AISI 316 | 4 | 8 | 1000 | - | - | - | 630 (608) | - | - | 37 (49) | Defect free | [110] |
| AISI 1018 | 5 | 50 | 1000 | Tapered pin with no threads | 2.2 | - | 457 (421) | 424 (361) | - | 20 (27) | - | [111] |
| HNAS (High nitrogen nickel-free austenitic stainless steel) | 2.4 | 100 | 400 | Tapered pin | 3.3 | 0 | ~1100 (~1060) | ~760 (~680) | 400 (370) | ~37 (~43) | No groove-like defects | [112] |
| Fe-18,4Cr- 15,8Mn-2,1Mo-0,66N-0,04C | 2 | 100 | 800 | - | 3 | - | 980 (967) | 580 (604) | - | 30 (53) | - | [113] |
| Fe-18Cr-16Mn-2Mo-0,85N | 3 | 50 | 800 | - | - | 2 | 1375 (1234) | 908 (782) | - | 25.13 (39.8) | - | [114] |
| Fe-24Ni-0,1C | 1.6 | 400 | 200 | - | 3 | 3 | 1283 (793) | 390 (336) | - | 29.0 (5.6) | - | [103] |