Table 5.
FSW of copper and its alloys—process parameters and mechanical properties of the joints.
| Material | Plate Thickness [mm] | Process Parameters | Weld Properties | Reference | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| v [mm/min] | ω [rpm] | Tool Shape | Pin D/d Ratio | Tilt Angle [°] | UTS [MPa] | Yield Strength [MPa] | Hardness of the Stir Zone [HV] | Elongation [%] | Defects | |||
| Pure copper | 2 | 50 | 1200 | Conical pin | 2 | 0 | 217.56 (237.81) | - | - | 2.03 (39) | Defect free | [156] |
| Pure copper | 2 | 30 | 1000 | - | - | - | 231 (273) | 1.2 (3.1) | 136 | - | Defect free | [157] |
| Pure copper | 3 | 30 | 2000 | Tapered pin | 2.9 | - | ~195 (217) | - | - | - | Defect free | [152] |
| Pure copper | 3 | 100 | 400 | Right hand threaded cylindrical pin and concave shoulder | 4 | - | 282 (282) | - | - | 16.4 | Defect free | [151] |
| Pure copper | 3 | 25 | 1100 | - | - | 2.5 | 194 (212) | 70 (68) | - | 22.8 (28.1) | - | [158] |
| Pure copper | 3 | 40 | 900 | Flat shoulder and cylindrical pin | 3 | 3 | 168 (260) | 109 (231) | 85 (110) | 13.5 (31) | Defect free | [159] |
| Pure copper | 3 | 250 | 300 | Non-threaded cylindrical pin | 2.4 | - | 328 (270) | 261 (209) | 113.6 (84.6) | 23 (22) | Defect free | [150] |
| Pure copper | 4 | 61 | 1250 | - | - | 3 | ~225 (~260) | - | ~90 (105-110) | - | Defect free | [144] |
| Pure copper | 5 | 30 | 910 | Straight cylindrical pin | 3 | - | 216.9 | - | 77.37 HB | 9.2 | No defects | [160] |
| Pure copper | 5 | 40 | 580 | Taper pin | ~3 | 0 | 220.7 (261.2) | 101.3 (232.0) | - | - | Defect free | [143] |
| Pure copper | 5 | 75 | 600 | - | - | - | 221 (234) | 127 (178) | 88 (107) | 43 (47) | - | [146] |
| Pure copper | 5 | 50 | 400 | - | - | 2.5 | 235.9 (236.7) | 207.7 (222.9) | - | 15.1 (27.7) | Defect free | [145] |
| Pure copper | 5 | 50 | 800 | Cylindrical threaded pin | ~3.3 | 2.5 | ~240 (~240) | ~140 (~225) | 63.1 (82.2) | ~45 (~28) | Defect free | [153] |
| Pure copper | 5 | 112 | 500 | Threaded cylindrical pin | 2.5 | 2.5 | 326 (331) | 134 (137) | ~105 (~78) | 31 (29) | Defect free | [161] |
| Pure copper | 6 | 50 | 350 | Threaded cylindrical pin | 3 | 0 | 228 (279) | 209 (271) | 92 (82) | - | - | [155] |
| Pure copper | 6 | 50 | 350 | Square pin | - | 0 | 207 (279) | 203 (271) | 88 (82) | - | - | [155] |
| Pure copper | 6 | 50 | 350 | Triflute pin | - | 0 | 196 (279) | 196 (271) | 90 (82) | - | - | [155] |
| Pure copper | 6 | 50 | 350 | Hexagonal pin | - | 0 | 165 (279) | 163 (271) | 97 (82) | - | - | [155] |
| Pure copper | 6 | 50 | 500 | Concave shoulder and threaded cylindrical pin | 3 | 0 | 229 (279) | 229 (271) | 88 (82) | 49.9 (34.4) | Defect free | [154] |
| Pure copper | 6 | 315 | 630 | Square pin | 2.4 | 2 | 215 (150) | 190 (145) | - | 33 (14) | - | [162] |
| 2200 Copper Alloy | 5 | 31.25 | 900 | Taper pin with no threads | 3.3 | 1 | - | - | - | 26.98 | - | [163] |
| 2200 Copper Alloy | 5 | 31.25 | 900 | Cylindrical with no threads | 3.3 | 1 | - | - | - | 10.56 | - | [163] |
| Brass 60%-Cu, 40%-Zn | 2 | 500 | 1000 | - | 3 | 3 | ~390 (381) | ~180 (192) | ~132 (97) | ~52 (61) | Defect free | [141] |