Table 7.
FSW of composites—process parameters and mechanical properties of the joints.
| Material | Plate Thickness [mm] | Process Parameters | Weld Properties | Reference | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| v [mm/min] | ω [rpm] | Tool Shape | Pin D/d Ratio | Tilt Angle [°] | UTS [MPa] | Yield Strength [MPa] | Hardness of the Stir Zone [HV] | Elongation [%] | Defects | |||
| Al-4.5%Cu/TiB2/2.5p | 6 | 26 | 931 | Full flat shoulder surface, cylindrical pin with no threads | ~2.9 | 2 | 190.39 (no inf about parent material) |
- | 69.86 | 16.875 | - | [213] |
| Al-4.5%Cu/TiB2/2.5p | 6 | 26 | 931 | 1 mm flat shoulder and 7° concave, cylindrical pin with no threads |
~2.9 | 2 | 198.62 | - | 57.63 | 18.825 | - | [213] |
| Al-4.5%Cu/TiB2/2.5p | 6 | 26 | 931 | 2 mm flat shoulder and 7° concave, cylindrical pin with no threads |
~2.9 | 2 | 191.39 | - | 60.76 | 17.050 | - | [213] |
| AA6061/SiC (10wt%) /fly ash (7.5 wt%) | 6 | 60 | 1200 | Square profile pin | - | 2 | - | - | ~130 (102) | - | No major defects | [214] |
| AA2124/SiC/25p-T4 | 3 | 40 | 1120 | Cylindrical left-handed screwed pin | 3.3 | 2 | 366 (454) | - | 170 (185) | 1.4 (2.4) | - | [215] |
| AA6092/SiC/17.5p | 6 | 120 | 1500 | Taper cylindrical pin | 3 | 2 | 347 (415) | 290 (360) | 140 (157) | 5.46 (7.76) | No major defects | [208,216] |
| AC4A + 30vol%SiCp | 5 | 150 | 2000 | Columnar pin with right-handed threads | 2.3 | 3 | 140 (163) | - | - | 0.33 | Defect free | [211] |
| 17vol%SiCp/2009Al-T4 | 3 | 800 | 1000 | Threaded conical pin | 2.8 | - | 501 (514) | 341 (344) | - | 3.5 (4.0) | No defects | [212] |
| 17vol%SiCp/AA2009 | 3 | 50 | 1000 | Cylindrical pin | 2.8 | - | 443 (581) | 278 (508) | - | 4.7 (4.3) | No defects | [217] |
| AA2124/SiC/25p-T4 | 3 | 45 | 900 | - | 3 | 2 | 355.15 (454) | - | - | - | Flash defects on the surface | [218] |
| 25%SiC/2124Al | 8 | 15 | 400 | Tapered conical pin | 3.5 | 1.5 | 359 (372) | - | - | - | Small voids | [219] |
| AA6061-10%SiCp | 6 | 45 | 1100 | Threaded cylindrical pin | 3 | - | 206 (278) | 126 (200) | 95 (105) | 6.5 (8.0) | No defects | [220] |
| 15vol%SiCp/2009Al | 6 | 100 | 800 | Conical pin | 2.5 | - | 441 (537) | 306 (343) | - | 5.4 (10.1) | No defects | [221] |
| AA6092/SiC/17.5p-T6 | 3.1 | 100 | 1500 | Flat edge featureless concave shoulder and M6 threaded cylindrical pin with a domed end | - | 2 | 314 (420) | 220 (370) | - | 5 (3.5) | - | [222] |
| AA6082/SiC/10p | 6 | 100 | 1800 | Cylindrical | 2.5 | 1 | 359 | - | - | - | - | [209] |
| LM25AA-5% SiCp | 12 | 40 | 1000 | Plain taper pin | 3 | - | 192 (155) | - | ~105 (68) | 7.2 (2) | - | [116] |
| PP/C30B/EA nanocomposite | 5 | 18 | - | Square pin with no threads | 1 | - | 13.533 (25.08) | - | - | - | - | [210] |
| PP/C30B/EA nanocomposite | 5 | 18 | - | Cylindrical pin with no threads | 1 | - | 16.300 (25.08) | - | - | - | - | [210] |
| PP/C30B/EA nanocomposite | 5 | 18 | - | Triangle pin with no threads | 1 | - | 13.500 (25.08) | - | - | - | - | [210] |
| Glass-filled Nylon 6 | 5 | 12 | 600 | Cylindrical pin with cylindrical shank | 3 | 2 | 36.51 (86.01) |
- | - | 7.35 (13.68) |
Defect free | [208] |