Table 1.

Details of published studies assessing 25 hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration specifically in UK dwelling South Asians, including characteristics of studies and reported 25(OH)D concentrations

Author, year, study	United Kingdom City	Latitude (°N)	Participants	Season/months	Median/mean 25(OH)D (nmol/l)*			Data on % under 25(OH)D cut-offs
					Group	Median or mean	sd or IQR
Brooke-Wavell et al., 2008(81)	Loughborough	52⋅8	Postmenopausal women n 24 aged 55–65 years	Late summer	All	Mean: 33	sd: 13	None
Darling et al., 2013, D-FINES I(10)	Guildford	51⋅2	Pre-menopausal women n 35 aged 20–55 years		All	Mean:	sd:	Summer 54 % <25 nmol/l Winter 81 % <25 nmol/l
				Summer		26	10
				Autumn		21	12
				Winter		20	11
				Spring		22	11
Farrar et al., 2011(48)	Manchester	53⋅5	n 15 20–60 year old adults, male and female	Winter	All	Median: 16	min, max: 7, 28	27 % <12⋅5 nmol/l 100 % <50 nmol/l
Finch et al., 1992(13)	London	51⋅5	n 297 40 years old, male and female			Mean:	95 % CI	–
				Winter	NV	19	(17–22)
				Summer	NV	45	(36–56)
				Winter	V	10	(7–13)
				Summer	V	27	(20–40)
Hamson et al., 2002(82)	Leicester	52⋅6	n 113 20–40 years old, male and female, Gujurati	–		Mean	Not given	50–60 % <12⋅5 nmol/l
					Female	23
					Male	25 (Those over 12⋅5 nmol/l only: 50–60 % of subjects had <12⋅5 nmol/l)
Hunt et al., 1976(8)	London and Reading	51⋅5	n 52 45 years old, n 29 14 year old girls, male and female	Autumn		Mean:	sd:	28 % <8⋅7 nmol/l (all subjects)
					Men	16	11
					Women	16	13
					Girls	16	8
Kift et al., 2013(83)	Manchester	53⋅5	n 87 20–60 years old, male and female			Median:	IQR:	40 % <12⋅5 nmol/l winter 10 % <12⋅5 nmol/l summer 98 % <50 nmol/l winter 93 % <50 nmol/l summer
				Winter	All	15	10–20
				Summer	All	23	17–33
Lawson and Thomas, 1999(9)	Country wide (Department of Health Infant feeding survey)	–	n 618 South Asian children (Bangladeshi Indian, Pakistani)	–		Mean:	sd:	<25 nmol/l:
					Bangladeshi	42	21	20 %
					Indian	42	23	25 %
					Pakistani	36	20	34 %
Lowe et al., 2010(84)	Blackburn	53⋅7	n 66 Pakistani postmenopausal women median age 55 years	May to September	All	Median: 11	IQR: 12	85 % <25 and 97 % <50 (11 % below limit of detection)
Macdonald et al., 2010, D-FINES I(12)	Surrey data for South Asians	51⋅2	n 35 Postmenopausal women mean age 61 years			Median:	IQR:	<25 nmol/l Summer 51 % Autumn 75 % Winter 65 % Spring 66 %
				Summer	All	24	16
				Winter	All	17	16
Mavroeidi et al., 2010 D-FINES I(11)	Surrey data for South Asians	51⋅2	n 35 Postmenopausal women mean age 61 years			Mean:	sd:
				Winter/spring	All	23	11	–
				Summer/autumn	All	26	11	–
Patel et al., 2013(85)	Birmingham	52⋅5	n 1122 South Asian males and females, mean age 58 years old	–		–	–	Females: 44 % <μg/l Males: 43 % <6 μg/l
Roy et al., 2007(86)	Manchester	52⋅5	n 78 18–36 year old Pakistani women	Not stated	All	Mean: 20	sd: 11	94 % <38 nmol/l 26 % <13 nmol/l
Serhan and Holland 2002(87)	Wolverhampton	52⋅6	n 110 Indian men and women mean age 51 years, rheumatology patients	Not stated	All	Mean: 3⋅3–4⋅5 μg/l	sd: 2⋅6–2⋅1 μg/l	–
Shaunak et al., 1985(88)	No area specified	–	n 120 21–75 years old, Hindu males and females	Spring	All	Mean: 21 (1)	sem: 1	22 % ≤10 nmol/l 57 % ≤20 nmol/l
Solanki et al., 1995(89)	Birmingham	52⋅5	n 54 males and females, 20–91 years old	Spring	Older (>65 years): Females Males Younger (<65 years) Females Males	Mean(sd)	sd:	Older 57 % <15 nmol/l Younger 41 % <15 nmol/l
						23	20
						13	9
						21	7
						16	8
Stephens et al., 1982(7)	Rochdale	53⋅6	n 159 adults and n 103 children (aged 5–18 years)	Not stated	Children Boys Girls Adults	Mean in 1980:	sd in 1980:	In 1980: Men: 35 % <13 nmol/l Women: 33 % <13 nmol/l Boys: 22 % <13 nmol/l Girls: 33 % <13 nmol/l
						25	17
						19	10
						20	15
Ward et al., 2007(90)	Manchester	53⋅5	n 95, mean age 29 years, premenopausal females	Not stated	All	Mean: 20	sd: 12	–

D-FINES, Diet, Food Intake and Exposure to Sunlight in Southern England study; V, vegetarian; NV, non-vegetarian.

^*Unless otherwise stated.