Table 1.

Considerations of Psychological Concepts and Influences during COVID-19.

Psychological Concepts	Psychological and Mental Influences
Stress	Stress not only causes psychological and mental distress and aggravates psychiatric symptoms, but may also lead to suicide in severe cases, according to recent studies conducted during the COVID-19 outbreak.
Ego-integrity	Constant exposure to high stress levels, such as those caused by COVID-19 among the elderly decreases expectations toward the self, damages positive self-perception, and can lead to loss of self-worth and depression; further contributing to or even causing other mental health problems.
Self-efficacy	Self-efficacy is a major variable that predicts adaptation and plays an important role in behavioral change, physical health, mental problems, and psychological adaptation. This may affect the degree to which the elderly can control and cope with events in stressful situations caused by COVID-19.
Resilience	High resilience among the elderly predicts variables such as high coping skills, long lifespan, low depression, a positive mind, strong social support networks, and dynamic physical activity; thus, resiliency is particularly important among the elderly where psychological, social, physical, and socio-economic stresses are highest among all age groups, especially during COVID-19.