Table 2.

Potential novel targets for CAVS and corresponding treatments with in vivo evidence.

Target	Treatment	Effects	Model	Ref.
Nox2	Celastrol	Nox2 inhibition mitigates the severity of aortic valve fibrosis, calcification, and stenosis	rabbit	[190]
ENPP1	ARL67156	The inhibition of ENPP1 prevents the development of CAVS	rat	[191]
P2Y2	2-thioUTP	P2Y2 agonist promotes the regression of CAVS	mouse	[192]
DPP-4	Sitagliptin	DPP-4 inhibition prevents CAVS development	rabbit	[193]
Cadherin-11	SYN0012	Cad-11-blocking antibody prevents Notch1-mediated CAVS	mouse	[194]
PPARγ	Pioglitazone	PPARγ agonist attenuates the progression of aortic valve calcification	rabbit	[195]
		PPARγ agonist attenuates lipid deposition, calcification, and apoptosis in aortic valves	mouse	[196]