Table 1.
The active metabolites derived from Paecilomyces.
| Metabolites | Paecilomyces Strain | Biological Activities | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| terezine D (1) | P. cinnamomeus BCC 9616 | antifungal | [4] |
| farinomalein (2) | P. farinosus HF599 | antifungal | [6] |
| phomaligol A (3) | P. lilacinus | antibacterial | [7,8] |
| leucinostatin A (4) | P. lilacinus A-267 | antimicrobial, antitumor, uncoupling effect on rat liver mitochondrial function | [10,11,12] |
| leucinostatin B (5) | P. lilacinus A-267 | antimicrobial, antitumor, uncoupling effect on rat liver mitochondrial function | [10,11,12] |
| phomapyrone C (6) | P. lilacinus | antibacterial | [7,13] |
| leucinostatin D (7) | P. marquandii | antimicrobial, cytotoxic, phytotoxicity | [15] |
| leucinostatin H (8) | P. marquandii | antimicrobial | [16] |
| leucinostatin K (9) | P. marquandii | antimicrobial | [16] |
| sorbicillinoid (10) | P. marquandii | antibacterial | [17] |
| beauvericin (11) | P. tenuipes BCC 1614 | antimicrobial, cytotoxic, insecticidal | [18] |
| beauvericin A (12) | P. tenuipes BCC 1614 | antimicrobial, cytotoxic, insecticidal | [18] |
| paecilocin B (13) | P. variotii | antibacterial | [23] |
| paecilocin C (14) | P. variotii | antibacterial | [23] |
| semi-viriditoxin (15) | P. varioti | antibacterial | [24] |
| semi-viriditoxic acid (16) | P. varioti | antibacterial | [24] |
| lawsozaheer (17) | P. varioti | antibacterial | [25] |
| varioloid A (18) | P. variotii EN-291 | antifungal | [26] |
| varioloid B (19) | P. variotii EN-291 | Antifungal, cytotoxic | [26] |
| paeciloketal A (20) | P. variotii J08NF-1 | antibacterial | [27] |
| paecilospirone (21) | Paecilomyces sp. | antibacterial | [28] |
| paeciloxocin A (22) | Paecilomyces sp. | antifungal, cytotoxic | [29] |
| paecilomycin M (23) | Paecilomyces sp. SC0924 | antifungal | [31] |
| monocillin VI (24) | Paecilomyces sp. SC0924 | antifungal | [32] |
| monocillin VII (25) | Paecilomyces sp. SC0924 | antifungal | [32] |
| aigilomycin B (26) | Paecilomyces sp. SC0924 | antifungal | [30] |
| aigilomycin C (27) | Paecilomyces sp. SC0924 | antifungal | [30] |
| aigilomycin D (28) | Paecilomyces sp. SC0924 | antifungal | [30] |
| 1′,2′-epoxy aigialomycin D (29) | Paecilomyces sp. SC0924 | antifungal | [30] |
| LL-Z1640-1 (30) | Paecilomyces sp. SC0924 | antifungal | [30] |
| monocillin II (31) | Paecilomyces sp. SC0924 | antibacterial | [33] |
| monocillin IV (32) | Paecilomyces sp. SC0924 | antibacterial | [33] |
| monorden D (33) | Paecilomyces sp. SC0924 | antibacterial | [33] |
| paeciloside A (34) | Paecilomyces sp. CAFT156 | antibacterial, cytotoxic | [38] |
| acremoauxin A (35) | Paecilomyces sp. CAFT156 | antibacterial, cytotoxic | [38] |
| paeciloxanthone (36) | Paecilomyces sp. (tree 1–7) | antimicrobial, cytotoxic, enzyme inhibition | [39] |
| paecilodepsipeptide A (37) | P. cinnamomeus BCC 9616 | cytotoxic, enzyme inhibition, antimalarial | [40] |
| farinosone A (38) | P. farinosus RCEF 0101 | induce neurite outgrowth in the PC-12 cell line | [41] |
| farinosone B (39) | P. farinosus RCEF 0101 | cytotoxic | [41,42] |
| farinosone C (40) | P. farinosus RCEF 0101 | induce neurite outgrowth in the PC-12 cell line | [41] |
| paecilosetin (41) | P. farinosus | cytotoxic | [42] |
| (+)-N-deoxymilitarinone A (42) | P. farinosus RCEF 0097 | cytotoxic, induce neurite sprouting in PC-12 cell line | [43] |
| (3S,6S)-3,6-dibenzylpiperazine-2,5-dione (43) | P. formous 17D47-2 | cytotoxic | [44] |
| gunnilactam A (44) | P. gunnii | cytotoxic | [45] |
| 1,2-dilinolylglycero-O-4′-(N,N,N-trimethyl) homoserine (45) | P. lilacinus ZBY-1 | cytotoxic | [46] |
| methyl myristate (46) | P. lilacinus ZBY-1 | cytotoxic | [46] |
| cerebroside B (47) | P. lilacinus ZBY-1 | cytotoxic | [47] |
| cerebroside C (48) | P. lilacinus ZBY-1 | cytotoxic | [47] |
| cerebroside D (49) | P. lilacinus ZBY-1 | cytotoxic | [47] |
| militarinone A (50) | P. militaris | neurotrophic effect in PC-12 cells | [49] |
| militarinone B (51) |
P. militaris P. farinosus RCEF 0097 |
cytotoxic | [43,48] |
| militarinone D (52) |
P. militaris P. farinosus RCEF 0097 |
cytotoxic | [43,48] |
| (3S)-6-phenethyl-3-isopropyl-1-methyl-2,5-diketopiperazine (53) | P. tenuipes | cytotoxic | [50] |
| indolyl-6,10b-dihydro-5aH-[1]benzofuro[2,3-b]indole derivative (54) | P. variotii EN-291 | cytotoxic | [51] |
| dihydrocarneamide A (55) | P. variotii EN-291 | cytotoxic | [52] |
| iso-notoamide B (56) | P. variotii EN-291 | cytotoxic | [52] |
| UCE1022 (57) | Paecilomyces sp. | cytotoxic | [53] |
| saintopin (58) | Paecilomyces sp. | cytotoxic | [54] |
| paecilomycin P (59) | Paecilomyces sp. SC0924 | cytotoxic | [32] |
| monocillin VI (60) | Paecilomyces sp. SC0924 | cytotoxic | [32] |
| monocillin VII (61) | Paecilomyces sp. SC0924 | cytotoxic | [32] |
| 5α,6α-epoxy-(22E,24R)-ergosta-8,22-diene-3β,7α-diol (62) | Paecilomyces sp. J300 | cytotoxic | [55] |
| ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraene-3-one (63) | Paecilomyces sp. J300 | cytotoxic | [55] |
| 3β,5α-dihydroxy-6β-methoxyer-gosta-7,22-diene (64) | Paecilomyces sp. J300 | cytotoxic | [55] |
| ergosterol (65) | Paecilomyces sp. J300 | cytotoxic | [55] |
| ergosterol endoperoxide (66) | Paecilomyces sp. J300 | cytotoxic | [55] |
| paecilin A (67) | Paecilomyces sp. (tree 1–7) | cytotoxic | [56] |
| secalonic acid D (68) | Paecilomyces sp. (tree 1–7) | cytotoxic, enzyme inhibition | [57] |
| secalonic acid A (69) | Paecilomyces sp. (tree 1–7) | cytotoxic | [58] |
| tenellic acid A (70) | Paecilomyces sp. (tree 1–7) | cytotoxic | [58] |
| tetracenomycin D (71) | Paecilomyces sp. (tree 1–7) | cytotoxic | [59] |
| physcioin (72) | Paecilomyces sp. (tree 1–7) | cytotoxic | [59] |
| emodin (73) | Paecilomyces sp. (tree 1–7) | cytotoxic | [59] |
| chrysophanol (74) | Paecilomyces sp. (tree 1–7) | cytotoxic | [59] |
| 1,4-dihydroxy-2-methy anthraquinone (75) | Paecilomyces sp. (tree 1–7) | cytotoxic | [59] |
| paecilopeptin (76) | P. carneus | inhibiting human cathepsin S | [60] |
| paeciloquinone A (77) | P. carneus P-177 | enzyme inhibition | [61] |
| paeciloquinone C (78) | P. carneus P-177 | enzyme inhibition | [61] |
| paeciloquinone D (79) | P. carneus P-177 | enzyme inhibition | [63] |
| YW3548 (80) | P. formosus LHL10 | enzyme inhibition | [64] |
| paecilomycone A (81) | P. gunnii | enzyme inhibition | [65] |
| paecilomycone B (82) | P. gunnii | enzyme inhibition | [65] |
| paecilomycone C (83) | P. gunnii | enzyme inhibition | [65] |
| paecilomide (84) | P. lilacinus | enzyme inhibition | [66] |
| Sphingofungin E (85) | P. variotii ATCC 74097 | enzyme inhibition | [67] |
| Sphingofungin F (86) | P. variotii ATCC 74097 | enzyme inhibition | [67] |
| verticilatin (87) | P. verticillatus | enzyme inhibition | [68] |
| 3α-hydroxy-3,5-dihydro ML-236C (88) | P. viridis L-68 | enzyme inhibition | [69] |
| 12-hydroxyalbrassitriol (89) | Paecilomyces sp. TE-540 | enzyme inhibition | [70] |
| 2-hydroxyalbrassitriol (90) | Paecilomyces sp. TE-540 | enzyme inhibition | [70] |
| phenopicolinic acid (91) | Paecilomyces sp. AF2562 | enzyme inhibition | [71] |
| kurasoin A (92) | Paecilomyces sp. FO-3684 | enzyme inhibition | [72] |
| kurasoin B (93) | Paecilomyces sp. FO-3684 | enzyme inhibition | [72] |
| catenioblin C (94) | P. cateniobliquus YMF1.01799 | promoted the growth of the larvae of cotton bollworm | [73] |
| phomalactone (95) | P. cateniobliquus YMF1.01799 | inhibition cotton bollworm | [73] |
| cerebrosides A (96) | P. lilacinus ZBY-1 | nematicidal | [74] |
| 4-(4′-carboxy-2′-ethyl-hydroxypentyl)-5,6-dihydro-6-methyl-cyclobut[b]pyridine-3,6-dicarboxylic acid (97) | Paecilomyces sp. YMF1.01761 | nematicidal | [75] |
| paeciloxazine (98) | Paecilomyces sp. BAUA3058 | Nematicidal, insecticidal | [76] |
| harzialactone A (99) | Paecilomyces sp. 7A22 | insecticidal | [77] |
| paecilomycin E (100) | Paecilomyces sp. SC0924 | antiplasmodial | [78] |
| paecilomycin F (101) | Paecilomyces sp. SC0924 | antiplasmodial | [78] |
| aigilomycin B (102) | Paecilomyces sp. SC0924 | antiplasmodial | [78] |
| aigialomycin F (103) | Paecilomyces sp. SC0924 | antiplasmodial | [78] |
| pyrenocine I (104) | Paecilomyces sp. FKI-3573 | antitrypanosomal | [79] |
| pyrenocine A (105) | Paecilomyces sp. FKI-3573 | antitrypanosomal | [79] |
| pyrenocine B (106) | Paecilomyces sp. FKI-3573 | antitrypanosomal | [79] |
| citreoviridin (107) | Paecilomyces sp. FKI-3573 | antitrypanosomal | [79] |
| spirotenuipesine A (108) | P. tenuipes | activity in neurotrophic factor biosynthesis in glial cells | [81] |
| spirotenuipesine B (109) | P. tenuipes | activity in neurotrophic factor biosynthesis in glial cells | [81] |
| paecilomycine A (110) | P. tenuipes | activity in neurotrophic factor biosynthesis in glial cells | [80] |
| formoxazine (111) | P. formosus | radical-scavenging activity | [82] |
| terreusinone (112) | P. formosus | UV-A absorbing activity | [83] |
| 3-[(2Z)-1-oxo-2-buten-1-yl]oxazolidin-2-one (113) | P. formosus | radical-scavenging activity | [82] |
| 14-hydroxycornexistin (114) | P. variotii | herbicidal | [84] |
| cornexistin (115) | P. variotii SANK 21086 | herbicidal | [85,86] |