| BGL | Blood glucose level |
| GLIB | Glibenclamide |
| DW | distilled water |
| PTP1B | Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B |
| DPP4 | Dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 |
| AAM | α-Amylase |
| AldR | Aldose reductase |
| GP | Glycogen phosphorylase |
| FFAR1 | Free fatty acid receptor 1 |
| ROS | Reactive oxygen species |
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