Table 1.

Fatalities after α-PVP application published in medical literature.

Country Year	Number Intoxicated/Death	α-PVP in Blood	Other Drugs Found in the Blood	Remarks Information	Reference
Finland 2012	1/1	70 ng/mL	doxepine, citalopram, quetiapine, buprenorphine temazepam.	suicide	[65]
Finland 2014	1/1	60 ng/mL	amphetamine, ketamine.		[65]
United States 2013	3/3	10 ng/mL 29 ng/mL 52 ng/mL	pentedrone sertraline, 7-amino-lonazepam, oxycodone, THC.	deaths of three men aged 31, 35, and 51 years.	[66]
United States 2013	6/6	only qualitative estimation	morphine, codeine, hydrocodone, 6-monoacetylmorphine	deaths of four women between 32 and 44 years, and two men aged 34 and 51 years.	[29]
United States 2012-2015	21/3	50-90 ng/mL	clonazepam, diazepam, oxycodone, THC, alprazolam, oxazepam, tamazepam.		[72]
Japan 2013	1/1	486 ng/mL	no other drugs.		[67]
Japan 2014	2/2	411 ng/mL 579 ng/mL	no other drugs.		[58,68]
Australia 2014	1/1	only qualitative estimation	no other drugs.	cardiac arrest	[73]
Poland 2015	1/1	185 ng/ml	pentedrone.		[74]
Poland 2016	1/1	174 ng/ml	no other drugs.	technique revealed the presence of α-PVP in the following concentrations: urine, 401 ng/mL; brain, 292 ng/g; liver, 190 ng/g; kidney, 122 ng/g; gastric content, 606 ng/g. cardiac arrest secondary to intoxication with alpha-PVP was determined as the direct cause of the patient’s death.	[75]
Finland 2020	1/1	800 ng/ml	amphetamine, buprenorphine, benzodiazepines.	sudden death of a middle-aged man while having a sauna.	[76]