Table 1.

Summary of included articles.

Title	Authors	Type of Study/Methods	Sample (If Available)	Study Setting and Main Results	Occupational Factor Considered	Outcomes
Nurses’ Mental Health and Well-Being: COVID-19 Impacts [50].	Stelnicki AM, Carleton RN, Reichert C.	Narrative review/literature search	N.A.	This study examined the mental health of healthcare workers, such as nurses after the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Large-scale disasters have been accompanied by an increase in symptoms of depression, post-traumatic disorder, insomnia, and substance use, particularly in front-line workers.	Job task: health care workers	Negative psychological outcome
At the height of the storm: Healthcare staff’s health conditions and job satisfaction and their associated predictors during the epidemic peak of COVID-19 [51]	Zhang SX, Liu J, Afshar Jahanshahi A, Nawaser K, Yousefi A, Li J, Sun S.	Cross sectional/survey	304	This study reports the levels of mental health, anxiety, depression, distress, and job satisfaction of doctors, nurses, and healthcare staff (Sample of 304 HCP) in Iran during the highest number of total active COVID-19 cases. Results indicate that a substantial portion of the sample reached the cutoff levels of disorders in anxiety (28.0%), depression (30.6%), and distress (20.1%).	Job task: health care workers	Negative psychological outcome
Workplace responses to COVID-19 associated with mental health and work performance of employees in Japan [47]	Sasaki N, Kuroda R, Tsuno K, Kawakami N.	Cross sectional/online survey	1448	This study investigated the links between workplace measures implemented in response to COVID-19 with mental health and work performance of employees (sample n = 1448) in Japan. The preventive measures were assessed on an original scale (based on the conceptual categories of recommendation for workplace measures). Workplace measures correlated positively with respondents’ fear of and worry associated with COVID-19, negatively with psychological distress, and positively with work performance.	Job task: front-line workers; workplace outcome: job performance	Positive psychological Outcome
The mental health of doctors during the COVID-19 pandemic [52]	Galbraith N, Boyda D, McFeeters D, Hassan T.	Perspective piece/literature search	N.A.	The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis places additional pressure on healthcare staff and on the healthcare system in general. This research underlines how such pressure brings a greater risk of psychological distress and high levels of work stress for doctors, nurses, and medical staff. Healthcare professionals place high value on provision of training and equipment during such pandemics, effective leadership, and managerial support for clinicians, and their families are also highly protective against negative psychological outcomes.	Job task: healthcare workers Organizational factors: Work related stress	Negative psychological outcome Positive psychological outcome
‘Policing’ a pandemic: Garda wellbeing and COVID-19 [53]	Rooney L, McNicholas F.	Perspective piece/literature search	N.A.	Studies investigating small-scale epidemics, such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), indicate that frontlines staff of an outbreak, when going to work every day, are exposed to an insuperable amount of stress and experience increased psychological morbidities as a result.	Job task: frontline staff Organizational factor: work commute	Negative psychological outcome
COVID 19 pandemic: Mental health challenges of internal migrant workers of India [48]	Choudhari R.	Narrative review/literature search	N.A.	One of the most vulnerable but neglected communities, the professional community of internal migrant workers, is prone to the development of psychological effects due to the disturbing double impact of the COVID-19 crisis and the related adverse professional scenario.	Workers population: migrant workers	Negative psychological outcome
Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: a call for action for mental health science [54]	Holmes EA, O’Connor RC, Perry VH, Tracey I, Wessely	Position paper	N.A.	This study concerns the psychological, social, and neuroscientific effects of COVID-19, and the establishment of immediate priorities and long-term strategies for mental health research. Mobilization will now allow us to apply the acquired learning to any future periods of major infection and lockdown, which will be particularly important for front-line workers and for vulnerable groups.	Job task: frontline workers. Workers population: vulnerable groups	Negative psychological outcome
Addressing the mental health concerns of migrant workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: An experiential account [49]	Chander R, Murugesan M, Ritish D, Damodharan D, Arunachalam V, Parthasarathy R, Raj A, Sharma MK, Manjunatha N, Bada Math S, Kumar CN.	Brief report	N.A.	Within India, a large proportion of people migrates (about 5000 migrant workers visited over 140 spots across the city of Bengaluru). The violent epidemic outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 has accentuated discrimination, work-rights exploitation, and job insecurity issues.	Vulnerable population: migrant workers	Negative psychological outcome
Is returning to work during the COVID-19 pandemic stressful? A study on immediate mental health status and psychoneuroimmunity prevention measures of Chinese workforce [55]	Tan W, Hao F, McIntyre RS, Jiang L, Jiang X, Zhang L, Zhao X, Zou Y, Hu Y, Luo X, Zhang Z, Lai A, Ho R, Tran B, HoC, Tam W.	Cross sectional/online survey	673	This study aims to quantify the immediate psychological effects and underlines psycho-neuroimmunity prevention measures of a workforce returning to work during the COVID-19 epidemic (sample: 673; mean age: 30.8; 74.4% male). Results indicate that about 3.8%, 3.7%, 1.5% and 2.3% of respondents reported moderate to severe anxiety, depression, stress, and clinical insomnia, respectively.	Organizational factors: return to work	Negative psychological outcome
Moral and mental health challenges faced by maternity staff during the COVID-19 pandemic [43]	Horsch A, Lalor J, Downe S.	Commentary	N.A.	The current COVID-19 pandemic places maternity staff at risk of engaging in clinical practice that may be in direct contravention with evidence. Research on previous epidemics and pandemics has shown the toll that patient care can have on the mental health of staff, such as elevated levels of psychological distress, insomnia, alcohol, and drug misuse, and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and higher perceived stress.	Job task: healthcare workers	Negative psychological outcome
Chinese mental health burden during the COVID-19 pandemic [40]	Huang Y, Zhao N.	Cross sectional/online survey	7236	The purpose of this study was to measure Chinese mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data were collected from 7236 participants. Depressive symptoms, anxiety disorders, and poor sleep were assessed. Younger people and healthcare workers were at high risk for mental illness.	Job task: healthcare workers	Negative psychological outcome
Study on the public psychological states and its related factors during the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in some regions of China [42]	Wang Y, Di Y, Ye J, Wei W.	Cross sectional/online survey	600	The aim of this research is to show how the highly contagious power of SARS-CoV-2 will inevitably lead to depression, anxiety, and work problems for employees. A total of 600 questionnaire participants were psychologically stable. Non-anxiety and non-depression rates were 93.67% and 82.83%, respectively. There were anxiety in 6.33% and depression in 17.17%. Professionals, industrial service workers and other staff had a depression risk of 0.31 times and 0.38 times.	Job task: professionals, industrial service, other personnel	Negative psychological outcome
Aggregated COVID-19 suicide incidences in India: Fear of COVID-19 infection is the prominent causative factor [44]	Dsouza DD, Quadros S, Hyderabadwala ZJ, Mamun MA.	Cross sectional/search on local newspapers	69	This study presents 69 suicide cases due to the current pandemic. The reasons behind the suicide cases are fear of COVID-19 infection, financial crisis, loneliness, social boycott and pressure for quarantine, fear of positive COVID-19, pre- and post- lockdown, work related stress.	Organizational factors: work related stress	Negative psychological outcome
Prevalence of and Risk Factors Associated With Mental Health Symptoms Among the General Population in China During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic [45]	Shi L, Lu ZA, Que JY, Huang XL, Liu L, Ran MS, Gong	Cross sectional/online survey	56,679	In China, through use of patient health questionnaires, the health of the population and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety, insomnia, and acute stress were assessed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Some measures, such as quarantine and delays in returning to work, were also associated with mental health.	Organizational factors: return to work	Mental health
COVID-19 pandemic: every day feels like a weekday to most [56]	Liu T, Meyerhoff J, Mohr DC, Ungar LH, Kording KP.	Cross sectional/online questionnaires	127	Psychological and behavioral changes during the early stages of the epidemic in the United States were examined in a longitudinal observational study, as there is a significant difference between mood and stress levels on weekdays and weekends and this implies a significant reduction of well-being of workers.	Organizational factors: working time	Stress levels and well-being
COVID-19: Presumed Infection Routes and Psychological Impact on Staff in Administrative and Logistics Departments in a Designated Hospital in Wuhan, China [57]	Luo LS, Jin YH, Cai L, Pan ZY, Zeng XT, Wang XH.	Case control/online questionnaires	18 cases, 18 controls	The purpose of this study is to explore the infection pathways and psychological impact of COVID-19 on staff (sample: 18) from administrative and logistic departments. A total of 88.89% thought have been infected by the working environment in hospitals, 77.78% of staff experienced psychological stress or emotional changes.	Job task: healthcare workers	Negative psychological outcome
COVID-19-Related Factors Associated with Sleep Disturbance and Suicidal Thoughts among the Taiwanese Public: A Facebook Survey [39]	Li DJ, Ko NY, Chen YL, Wang P, Chang YP, Yen CF, Lu WH.	Cross sectional/Online survey	1970	This study aims to analyze factors related to COVID-19 to understand how they are associated with sleep disturbances and suicidal thoughts among members of the public during the pandemic in Taiwan. Being a non-healthcare worker is a potential factor that could predict suicidal thoughts. Results also indicate that insufficient social support is a risk factor for depression, anxiety, and sleep problems among healthcare workers in the COVID-19 pandemic.	Job task: healthcare workers	Suicidal thoughts
Burnout syndrome in Romanian medical residents in time of the COVID-19 pandemic [58]	Dimitriu MCT, Pantea-Stoian A, Smaranda AC, Nica AA,	Narrative review/Literature search	N.A.	This article analyzed the relationship between burnout and activity of doctors in a non-COVID emergency hospital. The results indicate that young doctors (maximum 35 years) and doctors in non-COVID wards are more vulnerable. The existence of clear protocols, practical training, and protection measures reduces stress levels.	Job task: healthcare workers Organizational factors: practical training and protection measures	Negative psychological outcome
Mental health burden for the public affected by the COVID-19 outbreak in China: Who will be the high-risk group? [59]	Huang Y, Zhao N.	Cross sectional/online survey	7236	During the COVID-19 epidemic, it was noted that healthcare professionals were particularly at risk of experiencing psychological problems when they spent too much time thinking about the epidemic. In a sample of 7236 participants, the prevalence of anxiety symptoms and depressive symptoms was significantly higher in participants younger than 35 years. The prevalence of anxiety, depressive symptoms, and poor sleep quality was significantly higher in healthcare professionals. Authors proposed psychological aids.	Job task: healthcare workers	Negative psychological outcome
The relationship between COVID-19 knowledge levels and anxiety states of midwifery students during the outbreak: A cross-sectional web-based survey [60]	Sögüt S, Dolu İ, Cangöl E.	Cross sectional/online survey	972	The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between the anxiety states in the workplace and knowledge levels of female midwifery students about COVID-19 during the outbreak. Results indicate that anxiety levels of the female students were high among those who visit the hospital during the pandemic and had parents or relatives who had chronic diseases. Female midwifery students had a high level of knowledge regarding COVID-19.	Job task: healthcare workers	Negative psychological outcome
Psychosocial burden of healthcare professionals in times of COVID-19—a survey conducted at the University Hospital Augsburg [61]	Zerbini G, Ebigbo A, Reicherts P, Kunz M, Messman H.	Cross sectional/questionnaires	111	The purpose of this study is to investigate the work and psychosocial burden of physicians and nurses based on their degree of contact with COVID-19 patients. Results indicate that nurses working in the COVID-19 wards reported higher levels of stress, exhaustion, and depressive mood, as well as lower levels of work-related fulfilment compared to their colleagues in the regular wards.	Job task: healthcare workers	Work-related stress and negative outcome
The psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic on physicians in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study [62]	Al Sulais E, Mosli M, AlAmeel T.	Cross sectional/online survey	529	The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact that the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has had on the workplace and on the psychological well-being of doctors. The study sample was 529 physician. Results indicate that the mostly common feelings reported by the participants during the pandemic were: worry (357, 67.5%), isolation (301, 56.9%), and fear (263, 49.7%).	Job task: healthcare workers	Negative psychological outcome
The Psychological Change Process of Frontline Nurses Caring for Patients with COVID-19 during Its Outbreak [63]	Zhang Y, Wei L, Li H, Pan Y, Wang J, Li Q, Wu Q, Wei H.	Cross sectional/interviews	23	The aim of this research is to identify the psychological change process of the registered nurses (n.23) who worked in the epicenter of the COVID-19 outbreak. The longitudinal study indicates the existence of three stages: early stage (ambivalence), middle stage (emotional exhaustion), and later stage (energy renewal). In addition, the recovery of patients or improvements of their conditions were also positive incentives for nurses.	Job task: healthcare workers	Negative psychological outcome
Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey [64]	Huang Y, Zhao N.	Cross sectional/online survey	7236	The purpose of this paper is to assess the mental health of Chinese workers during the epidemic and explore potential risk factors: healthcare workers and staff are at high risk for poor sleep quality.	Job task: healthcare workers	Negative psychological outcome
Psychological symptoms of ordinary Chinese citizens based on SCL-90 during the level I emergency response to COVID-19 [41]	Tian F, Li H, Tian S Yang J, Shao J, Tian C.	Cross sectional/online survey	1060	This study aims to analyze the psychological symptoms of citizens during the Level I emergency response across China. Analyzes revealed that healthcare workers are part of the high-risk group.	Job task: healthcare workers	Negative psychological outcome
An Integrative Total Worker Health Framework for Keeping Workers Safe and Healthy During the COVID-19 Pandemic [65]	Dennerlein JT, Burke L, Sabbath EL, Williams JAR, Peters SE, Wallace L, Karapanos M, Sorensen G.	Narrative review/literature search	N.A.	The purpose of this study is to promote an integrated Total Worker Health (TWH) approach, funded by the NIOSH, which includes human factors and ergonomic principles, supporting worker safety, health, and well- being during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results indicate that the approach can enhance human factors and ergonomics principles to improve well-being.	Organizational factors: human factor management and ergonomics principles	Wellbeing
Factors associated with post-traumatic stress disorder of nurses exposed to coronavirus disease 2019 in China [42]	Wang YX, Guo HT, Du XW, Song W, Lu C, Hao WN.	Cross sectional/questionnaires	202	This study aims to analyze the factors potentially involved in the post-traumatic stress disorder level of healthcare workers such as nurses, who are most exposed to COVID-19 in China. Nurses exposed to COVID-19 with job satisfaction and positive coping had low PCL-C scores. Effective and sustainable psychological counseling should be directed particularly to the female nurses in order to reduce the risk of psychological impairment	Job task: healthcare workers Organizational factors: work related stress factors	Negative psychological outcome
Perceived infection transmission routes, infection control practices, psychosocial changes, and management of COVID-19 infected healthcare workers in a tertiary acute care hospital in Wuhan: a cross-sectional survey [66]	Jin YH, Huang Q, Wang YY.	Cross sectional/electronic questionnaires	105	This study aims to explore the perceived pathways of infection, influencing factors, psychosocial changes, and management procedures of COVID-19 infected healthcare workers. Moreover, 88.3% of staff experienced psychological stress or emotional changes during their isolation period, only 11.7% had almost no emotional changes.	Job task: healthcare workers	Negative psychological outcome, quarantine related stress
The impact of having inadequate safety equipment on mental health [67]	Simms A, Fear NT, Greenberg N.	Cross sectional/online survey	3401	The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of inadequate safety equipment on the mental health of service staff, in order to better understand the impact on those working under the same conditions in response to COVID-19. Results indicate that psychological health problems are highly correlated with safety equipment perception.	Organizational factors: safety equipment perception	Negative psychological outcome
Academic Emergency Medicine Physicians’ Anxiety Levels, Stressors and Potential Stress Mitigation Measures during the Acceleration Phase of the COVID-19 Pandemic [68]	Rodriguez RM, Medak AJ, Baumann BM, Lim S, Chinnock B, Frazier R, Cooper RJ.	Cross sectional/online survey	426	The purpose of this research is to evaluate anxiety and burnout levels, home life changes and stress relief measures of United States academic emergency medicine (EM) doctors (Sample n. 426) during the acceleration phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. Most physicians (90.8%) reported changing their behavior towards family and friends, especially by decreasing signs of affection (76.8%). The most cited measures to alleviate stress/anxiety were increasing personal protective equipment (PPE) availability, offering rapid COVID-19 testing at the physician discretion’s, providing clearer communication about COVID-19 protocol changes, and assuring that physicians can take family and self-care leave.	Job task: healthcare workers. Organizational factors: PPE availability, COVID-19 management protocols	Negative psychological outcome
Mental Health Outcomes Among Frontline and Second-Line Health Care Workers During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic in Italy [69]	Rossi R, Socci V, Pacitti F, Di Lorenzo G, Di Marco A, Siracusano A, Rossi A.	Cross sectional/online questionnaires	681	This cross-sectional study analyzes mental health outcomes among healthcare workers in Italy. A total of 681 respondents (49.38%) endorsed post-traumatic stress symptoms; 341 (24.73%) symptoms of depression; 273 (19.80%) symptoms of anxiety; 114 (8.27%), insomnia; and 302 (21.90%) high perceived stress.	Job task: healthcare workers	Negative psychological outcome
COVID-19 Epidemic Peer Support and Crisis Intervention Via Social Media [46]	Cheng P, Xia G, Pang P, Wu B, Jiang W,	Descriptive study	N.A.	This article describes a support project developed and implemented by a group of mental health professionals (45 members of multidisciplinary healthcare professionals), organized to offer psychological support from overseas to professionals and healthcare workers at the forefront of the COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan, China. Preliminary anecdotal review suggests that many of those served found the intervention helpful.	Organizational factors: work related stress factors (job support)	Mental wellbeing
Unravelling potential severe psychiatric repercussions on healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 crisis [70]	Anmella G, Fico G, Roca A, Gómez-Ramiro M, Vázquez M, Murru A, Pacchiarotti I, Verdolini N, Vieta E.	Case study/medical records review	1	The authors of this study report the case of a worker, a general practitioner, without a relevant somatic or psychiatric history who had a “brief reactive psychosis” under stressful circumstances derived from COVID-19.	Job task: healthcare workers	Insurgence of a brief reactive psychosis due to Covid-19 exposition
Factors Contributing to Healthcare Professional Burnout During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Rapid Turnaround Global Survey [71]	Morgantini LA, Naha U, Wang H, Francavilla S, Acar O, Flores JM, Crivellaro S, Moreira D, Abern M, Eklund M, Vigneswaran H, Weine SM.	Cross sectional/online survey	2707	The aim of this research is to understand the risk for burnout in healthcare staff. This is critical to supporting HCPs and maintaining the quality of healthcare during the pandemic. Sample of 2707 HCPs from 60 countries. Fifty-one percent of HCPs reported burnout. Burnout was associated with work impacting household activities, feeling pushed beyond training, exposure to COVID-19 patients, making life-saving decisions. Adequate personal protective equipment (PPE) was protective against burnout.	Job task: healthcare workers Organizational factors: work-family conflict, risk of exposure to COVID-19, PPE availability	Negative psychological outcome and burnout syndrome
Geographical distance to the epicenter of Covid-19 predicts the burnout of the working population: Ripple effect or typhoon eye effect? [72]	Zhang SX, Huang H, Wei F.	Cross sectional/online survey	308	This study underlines how the geographical distance of adults working at the Wuhan epidemic center predicts their burnout-emotional, physical, and mental exhaustion due to excessive and prolonged stress. Preliminary results of a survey of 308 working adults in 53 cities showed working adults’ distance to the epicenter of Wuhan had an inverted U-shaped relationship with their burnout.	Organizational factors: working distance	Psychological outcomes
COVID-19 Impact Among Spine Surgeons in Latin America [73]	Guiroy A, Gagliardi M, Coombes N, et al.	Cross sectional/online questionnaires	204	This study investigated how COVID-19 pandemic impacts work performance and mental health of surgeons in Latin America. Twenty-two percent (n = 45) of the surgeons referred a mental status compatible with a depression diagnosis, especially for younger surgeons.	Job task: healthcare workers	Psychological outcomes
The distress of Iranian adults during the Covid-19 pandemic—More distressed than the Chinese and with different predictors [74]	Jahanshahi AA, Dinani MM, Madavani AN, Li J, Zhang SX.	Cross sectional/online survey	1058	This study investigated factors associated with mental distress in a sample of 1058 participants. Results showed that Iranian adults who worked from home, at the office, or had not worked during and before Covid-19, all reported lower distress that those who suspended working. In comparison, in China, only individuals who went to workplace reported significantly lower distress than those who suspended working.	Organizational factors: work modality and job task	Psychological outcomes

N.A.= Not available.