Table 1.
Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Participants at Baseline
| Characteristic | Healthy Controls (CNTL) (n=60) | Help-seeking Controls (HSC) (n=89) | Clinical High-Risk (CHR) (n=205) | Early First Episode (EFEP) (n=28) | P Value | Post-hoc |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD) | 17.16 (0.33) | 16.40 (3.13) | 16.46 (3.30) | 18.39 (3.36) | 0.014 | EFEP>HSC, CHR |
| Years of education, mean (SD) | 11.25 (2.38) | 9.84 (2.60) | 9.75 (2.63) | 11.29 (2.43) | 0.000 | CNTL>HSC, CHR; EFEP>HSC, CHR |
| Gender, No. (%) | ||||||
| Male | 31 (51.7) | 59 (66.3) | 120 (58.5) | 17 (60.7) | 0.34 | - |
| Race, No. (%) | ||||||
| White | 35 (58.3) | 27 (31.8) | 126 (64.3) | 13 (48.1) | 0.37 | - |
| Ethnic Origin | ||||||
| Hispanic, No. (%) | 12 (20.0) | 13 (14.9) | 31 (15.7) | 3 (12.0) | 0.78 | - |
| Handedness, Right, No. (%) | 79 (89.8) | 189 (92.2) | 24 (88.9) | |||
| Estimated Current IQ, mean (SD) | 103.32 (13.36) | 106.06 (17.32) | 105.15 (16.65) | 103.33 (14.35) | 0.14 | - |
| Total SOPS score, mean (SD) | ||||||
| Positive | 1.15 (1.82) | 5.53 (3.47) | 12.06 (4.22) | 19.68 (3.47) | 0.000 | * |
| Negative | 1.90 (0.29) | 11.97 (6.67) | 13.98 (5.67) | 14.46 (6.70) | 0.000 | CNTL<HSC, CHR, EFEP; HSC<CHR |
| Disorganized | 0.83 (1.29) | 3.81 (2.63) | 5.77 (3.11) | 9.36 (3.69) | 0.000 | * |
| General | 1.33 (2.00) | 8.72 (4.45) | 10.98 (4.22) | 12.07 (4.85) | 0.000 | CNTL<HSC, CHR, EFEP; HSC<CHR, EFEP |
| GAF, mean (SD) | 82.63 (12.78) | 48.68 (12.95) | 40.28 (12.47) | 24.94 (12.46) | 0.000 | * |
| DSM-IV Diagnoses, No. (%) | ||||||
| Moodb | - | 31 (34.8) | 104 (50.7) | 4 (14.3) | 0.000 | EFEP<HSC, CHR; CHR>HSC |
| Anxietyc | - | 23 (25.8) | 88 (42.9) | 6 (21.4) | 0.005 | CHR>HSC, EFEP |
| Substance Abused | - | 10 (11.2) | 15 (7.3) | 2 (7.1) | 0.521 | - |
| Test Medication, No. (%) | ||||||
| Anti-psychotics | - | 13 (14.6) | 54 (26.3) | 15 (53.6) | 0.000 | * |
| Anti-depressants | - | 13 (14.6) | 52 (25.4) | 4 (14.3) | 0.074 | - |
Note: SOPS=Scale of Prodromal Symptoms; GAF=Global Assessment of Functioning.
Socioeconomic status, Hollingshead index (Hollingshead & Redlich, 1958), where 1–3 “high” and 4 –5 “low”.
DSM-IV defined diagnosis of major depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder, mood disorder NOS, or depressive disorder NOS.
DSM-IV defined diagnosis of panic disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), generalized anxiety disorder, anxiety disorder NOS, or phobias including simple phobias and social phobia.
DSM-IV defined diagnosis of alcohol, amphetamine, cannabis, cocaine, hallucinogen, nicotine, opioid, or polysubstance related substance abuse disorder.
All Groups Different From Each Other