Table 1.
Adipokine alterations in various digestive diseases *.
| Diseases | Adipokines | Increased (I), Decreased (D), or No Changes (N) | Associated Findings (References) |
|---|---|---|---|
| NAFLD | Leptin | I | Increased severity [22] |
| Adiponectin | D | Inversely related to the severity of steatosis [29], necroinflammation, and fibrosis [28] | |
| PAI-1 | I | Independently associated with NAFLD [39] | |
| Hepatitis B | Leptin | I/D | Associated with fibrosis/cirrhosis [44,45,46]/with cirrhosis/HCC [47] |
| Adiponectin | I/D | Associated with viral load [48,49]/Viral load inversely associated with HDL-C [50] | |
| Resistin | I | Associated with hepatic necroinflammation [54] | |
| Visfatin | I | Negatively correlated with haptoglobin and fibrinogen [56] | |
| Hepatitis C | Leptin | I/N | [65,66]/[67,68] |
| Adiponectin | I/N/D | Associated with fibrosis [74,75,76,77,78,81] and inflammation [85]/[67]/in G1 and G3 HCV patients [84], associated with steatosis [79,84,86,87,88,89] | |
| Visfatin | I | [104,105] | |
| RBP4 | D | Inversely associated with hepatic fibrosis [110,111,112] | |
| Resistin | I | Associated with hepatic fibrosis [115,116], reversed after viral clearance [55,120,121], associated with hepatic fibrosis [117] | |
| Chemerin | I | [122] | |
| PBC | Leptin | I/D | [126,127]/[128,129,130] |
| Adiponectin | I | [127] | |
| Resistin | I | [127] | |
| ALD | Leptin | I, N or D | [136] |
| Adiponectin | I or D | [136] | |
| Chemerin | I | [141] | |
| Pancreatic cancer | Leptin | I | [145] |
| Adiponectin | D | [145] | |
| Diabetes | Leptin | I | [141] |
| GERD | Leptin | I | [167,168,173] |
| Barrett’s esophagus | Leptin | I | [171,185,186], stronger in men [166,172] |
| Adiponectin | I/D/N | [184]/Among patients with GERD and among smokers [181], especially in patients with GERD [180,182]/[186] | |
| Esophageal cancer | Leptin | I | Increased cellular response to radiation [176], angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis [177], chemoresistance of gastro-oesophageal adenocarcinomas [178]. |
| Colitis | Leptin | I | [203] |
| Diverticulosis | Leptin | I | [218] |
| Adiponectin | D | [218] | |
| Colon polyp | Leptin | I | Serum leptin associated with tubular adenoma [221], local leptin with colonic adenoma [222] |
| Adiponectin | D | [247] | |
| RBP4 | I | [277] | |
| Colon cancer | Leptin | N | [227] |
| Adiponectin | D | [248,249] | |
| Resistin | I | [262,263] | |
| YKL-40 | I | In subjects without comorbidity [275] and correlated with poor prognosis in patients with colon cancers [276] | |
| Cholelithiasis | Leptin | I | [289] |
NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; G1 and G3: genotype 1 and genotype 3; HCV: hepatitis C virus; PBC: primary biliary cholangitis; ALD: alcoholic liver disease; GERD: gastroesophageal reflux disease. *: data of in vivo or animal studies were not listed in the current table.