Table 3.
All studies included in the review (sorted by year)
| References | Country | Sample and elicitation method | Evaluated good or service | Main factors influencing WTP | Main policy recommendation/themesa | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Matthews et al. [60] | Canada | 42/Convenience sample + users/interview/bidding game | Periodontal therapy | Income | No policy suggestion was found |
| 2 | Dixon et al. [27] | UK | 100/general population/interview/payment card | Water flouridation | – | Continue public education/(theme C) |
| 3 | Matthews et al. [6] | Canada | 293/Patients + General Population/Computer-Based Tool (Questionnaire)/Bidding Game | Anaesthetic gel | Concern about dental pain and anxiety about needles/Insurance/Anxiety for gel | No policy suggestion was found |
| 4 | Pavlova et al. [47] | Bulgaria | 990/General population/Interview/Payment intervals followed by open-ended/(WATP) | Dental check-up/filling or extraction of a tooth/Placement of dental prostheses | Family budget/Place of residence/Gender/Being chronically sick/Self-perceived health/Quantity of services used last year | Family budget Should remain the primary exemption criterion from patient payment obligations. etc./(theme A and B) |
| 5 | Birch et al. [2] | Canada | 611/General population/telephone Interview/Open-ended | Dentin regeneration | Visit dentist regularly/Perceived need of tooth extraction/Insurance status | No policy suggestion was found |
| 6 | Halvorsen et al. [10] | Norway | 62/Convenience sampling/Telephone interview/Open-ended | Dental fear treatment | Household income/Uncertainty/Perceived Benefits from dental and dental fear treatment/Change in dental health/capital/Treated surfaces | Supply of dental fear treatment should be subsidized/(theme A) |
| 7 | Smith et al. [48] | UK | 188/General population + patients/Interview/Payment card | Orthognathic treatment | Incisor relation/Being patient | No policy suggestion was found |
| 8 | Ying et al. (Report) [61] | Hong Kong | 257 Convenience sampling/Interview/Bidding game | RCT | Age/Education/Self-reported number of teeth possessed | No policy suggestion was found |
| 9 | Marvasti et al. [40] | USA | 753/Convenience sampling/Questionnaire/Payment intervals | Waiting time | Income/Education/Actual waiting time/Medical experience/Gender/Age/Health insurance/Waiting location | No policy suggestion was found |
| 10 | Oscarson et al. [49] | Sweden | 82/19 YO/General population/Interview/Binary valuation + open ended | Caries preventive Care | Caries risk/Housing | No policy suggestion was found |
| 11 | Atchison et al. [54] | USA | 315/Convenience Sampling/Questionnaire/NM | Oral surgery | Income/Psychosocial predictors/Substance abuse/larger social network | No policy suggestion was found |
| 12 | Balevi and Shepperd [41] | Canada | 40/Convenience sampling/Interview/Bidding | Crown, implant, bridge, removable partial denture | – | No policy suggestion was found |
| 13 | Tianviwat et al. [33] | Thailand | 205/General population/Interview/Bidding game followed by open-ended question | Three dental services in two different settings | Care delivery setting/Income | More attention to establishing school-based services that Approach the same levels of effectiveness/(theme A) |
| 14 | Tianviwat et al. [34] | Thailand | 205/General population/Interview/Bidding game followed by open-ended question | Prevention versus cure | Income/Age/Education/Service’s experience | Reduce the cost of using the sealant services to parents/(theme A) |
| 15 | Tuominen et al. [35] | Finland | 156/Convenience Sampling/Questionnaire/NM | Helicopter ambulance service/MPR vaccination/Breast cancer screening/Hip Replacement/Dental check-up program for 7 YO | – | No policy suggestion was found |
| 16 | Esfandiari et al. [58] | Canada | 36/Convenience sampling/Interview/Open-ended and yes-or-no question | Implant overdentures | Method of payment | Government program should be implemented To assist elders with the cost of denture Prostheses/(theme A) |
| 17 | Rosvall et al. [57] | USA | 50/Convenience sampling/Questionnaire/Payment scale | Orthodontic appliances | – | No policy suggestion was found |
| 18 | Leung et al. [62] | Hong Kong | 59/Convenience sampling/Interview/Bidding game | Anterior and posterior Implant | Gender/Education/Perceived need | No policy suggestion was found |
| 19 | Manickam et al. [42] | India | 400/Convenience sampling/Questionnaire/NM | Anterior and posterior RCT | Age/Education/Income/Non vegetarian food habit | Government should improve literacy/(theme C) |
| 20 | Feu et al. [63] | Brazil | 252/Convenience sampling/Interview/Payment scale | Orthodontic appliances | Socio-economic status/Age | No policy suggestion was found |
| 21 | Widstrom et al. [50] | Finland | 704/General population/Postal questionnaire/Open-ended | Unexpected Dental expenses | High income/Subjective need for dental treatment | Benefit those with lower income and improve Quality of dental care for adults/(theme A) |
| 22 | Ethier et al. [52] | Canada | 142/Convenience sampling/Interview/Bidding game | Prophylaxis of mucositis | – | No policy suggestion was found |
| 23 | Vermaire et al. [36] | Netherland | 290/Convenience sampling/Questionnaire/Payment scale/(+ wti method) | Good state of oral health | Dmfs/Brushing time/Number of preventive visits/Dental hygiene burden/Dental hygiene knowledge/Importance to their Children’s general and oral health/Socio-economic status/Education of parents/willingness to invest time | No policy suggestion was found |
| 24 | Al Garni et al. [43] | KSA | 100/Convenience sampling/Interview/Bidding game | Implant | Gender/Income/Setting/Area of the missing/Perception toward oral health/Desire for implant | No policy suggestion was found |
| 25 | Edwards (thesis) [28] | Norway | 948/General population/Face-to-face and telephone interviews/Open-ended | Publicly financed dental health care system | Age/Education/Income/Dental payments in the past year | No policy suggestion was found |
| 26 | Chau (Report) [37] | Hong Kong | 1500/Convenience sampling/Questionnaire/Payment scale | Basic dental care plan | Income | Government can cover the secondary school students with different fees/(theme A) |
| 27 | Augusti et al. [64] | Italy | 107/Convenience sampling Interview/Bidding-game | Implant-supported crown and the 3-unit fixed partial denture prosthesis | Perceived importance of oral care/Previous therapy | No policy suggestion was found |
| 28 | Atanasov et al. [56] | Bulgaria | 111/Convenience sampling/Questionnaire/Open-ended | Treatment of molar: RCT + crown/Extraction and leaving a gap/Removable/Fixed bridge/implant | Household income | No policy suggestion was found |
| 29 | Srivastava et al. [65] | Canada | 39/Convenience sampling/Questionnaire/Payment scale | Mandibular overdenture with two-implant | Age/Income/Know edentate or an overdenture wearing person | No policy suggestion was found |
| 30 | Moshkelgosha et al. [66] | Iran | 200/Convenience Sampling/Questionnaire/Open-Ended | Orthodontic treatment | Education/income | Insurance policies for orthodontic treatment/(theme B) |
| 31 | Moshkelgosha et al. [44] | Iran | 348/Convenience sampling/Interview/Payment scale | Different Orthodontic Brackets | – | No policy suggestion was found |
| 32 | Augusti et al. [67] | Italy | 40/Convenience sampling/Questionnaire/Open-ended | Sonic and traditional brush | – | No policy suggestion was found |
| 33 | Vernazza et al. [4] | UK | 503/Convenience sampling/Interview/Shuffled payment card | Treatment of molar teeth with Non-vital pulps | Income | No policy suggestion was found |
| 34 | Vernazza et al. [24] | UK And Germany | 105/Convenience sampling/Questionnaire/Bidding card | Root caries prevention | No factor were significant predictors of WTP | No policy suggestion was found |
| 35 | Mckenna et al. [45] | UK | 55/Convenience Sampling/Interview/Open–Ended With Payment Cards | Tooth replacement strategies: Removable Partial Dentures and functionally orientated treatment | Income levels/Previous Treatment experience | Changes are required to ensure that dental care is truly patient-centered/(theme B) |
| 36 | Kettlewell et al. [29] | Australia | 1528/General population/Online questionnaire/DCE | Dental insurance | – | No policy suggestion was found |
| 37 | Dino et al. [30] | Italy | 50/Convenience sampling/Questionnaire/Bidding game | Computerized anesthesia | Importance assigned by the patients to oral Care/Following recall programs | No policy suggestion was found |
| 38 | Fatani et al. [59] | KSA | 171/Convenience sampling/Interview/Bidding game | Orthodontic treatment | Income | Orthodontists should educate the Public about occlusion/(theme C) |
| 39 | Nair et al. [55] | Singapore | 83/Convenience sampling/Interview/Bidding game | Extraction/Filling and cleaning of teeth | Ethnicity/Age/Beliefs related to importance of oral health/Marriage status/Gender | No policy suggestion was found |
| 40 | Mubaraki et al. [53] | KSA | 155/Convenience Sampling/Interview/Bidding Game | Space maintainer therapy for children | Family monthly income | No policy suggestion was found |
| 41 | Taschieri et al. [68] | Italy | 103/Convenience sampling/Interview/Bidding game | RCT + crown or Extraction + implant | Education, employment | No policy suggestion was found |
| 42 | Sendi et al. [69] | Switzerland | 16/Convenience sampling/Phone Interview/Bidding game | Implant retained complete dentures | – | No policy suggestion was found |
| 43 | Dino et al. [31] | Italy | 50/Convenience sampling/Questionnaire/Bidding game | Computer-controlled Anesthesia | – | No policy suggestion was found |
| 44 | Sever et al. [38] | Croatia | 265/Convenience Sampling/Questionnaire + Interview/DCE/Payment card in the pilot study | Dental care provided by a faculty member/Private dental care/Student-provided care | Age/Education | Findings may help policy-makers in delivering a care system Better suited to preferences of their patients etc./(theme B) |
| 45 | Ndambiri et al. [39] | Kenya | 155/General population/Interview/Payment card | Fluoride removal from drinking water | Gender/Education/Household income/Living in own house/Type of water source/Perceived water quality/Distance to nearest water source/Payment vehicle/Household members experience of fluorosis/Age/Household size | Authorities could use the estimated mean and median WTP to benchmark their budget and water policy proposals for the removal of excess fluoride/(theme B) |
| 46 | Bratberg (thesis) [32] | Norway | 438/General population/Questionnaire/TIOLI + Open-ended | Dental insurance | Age/Occupation/Income/Education | Implementation dental insurance may be possible/(theme B) |
| 47 | Nyamuryekung’e et al. [70] | Tanzania | 1522/Convenience sampling/Interview/Open-ended | Extraction and filling | Age, Income/Outpatient Status/Experience | No policy suggestion was found |
| 48 | Vernazza et al. [46] | UK | 401/Convenience sampling/Questionnaire/Payment card | Correction of malocclusions at different IOTN levels | Socioeconomic status/Sample recruited Center/Different IOTN Scenarios | No policy suggestion was found |
| 49 | Ramsay et al. [25] | UK and Scotland | 667/General population/Questionnaire (online survey)/DCE | Oral hygiene advice/Periodontal instrumentation | – | No policy suggestion was found |
| 50 | Dalanon et al. [71] | Philippines | 140/Convenience sampling/Questionnaire (online survey)/Payment scale | Fluoridization,/Prophylaxis/Extraction/Filling, Dentures/RCT/Oral cancer treatment, and orthodontic treatment | – | No policy suggestion was found |
| 51 | Walshaw et al. [26] | UK and Brazil | N = 200/Convenience sampling/Questionnaire/bidding format | Fluoride varnish | Income/Self-perceived need/recent Dental pain/child experience of restorations in last 2 years/Frequent attenders/Gender | No policy suggestion was found |
| 52 | Srivastava et al. [51] | Canada | 317/General population/Internet-based questionnaire or telephone interviews/Bidding format | Dentures retained by implants | Gender/Age/Education/Income/Having dental insurance/Experience of implant/Having heard about implants/Self-perceived likelihood of edentulism | Desirability of including implant overdentures in insurance policies and public health programs/(theme B) |
WTP willingness-to-pay, NM not mentioned, YO years old, RCT root canal therapy, WATP willingness and ability to pay, DCE discrete choice experiment, IOTN Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need
aPolicy suggestions were categorized into three themes: (a) setting new tariff or subsidizing, (b) provision of the considered item by the public sector or its inclusion within the benefit package of public insurance due to population preferences, (c) promoting literacy