Table 3.

EV-associated biomarkers in other autoimmune diseases

EVs or cargo in EVs	Source	Isolation method	Quantification method	Biomarkers	References
MiR-4484	Saliva	Precipitation	MiRNA microarray analysis and flow cytometry	OLP	[45]
MiR-34a-5p, miR-130b-3p and miR-301b-3p	Plasma	Membrane affinity -based capture	MiRNA microarray analysis and flow cytometry	OLP	[49]
Hcmv-miR-UL59	Plasma	Precipitation	RT-qPCR analysis	OLP	[48]
Total MPs, CD14 + MPs, Granulocytes-derived MPs, and tissue factor + MPs	Plasma	Affinity-based capture	Flow cytometry	BS	[59]
PMPs	Whole blood	Unreported	Flow cytometry	BS	[60]
Procoagulant MPs	Plasma	Affinity-based capture	Functional prothrombinase capture assay	BS	[61]
MiR-16-5p, miR-574-5p and miR-302d-3p	Plasma	Ultracentrifugation	RT-qPCR analysis	T1DM	[62]
Insulin-containing exosomes, exosomal islet autoantigen and GAD65	Plasma	Size-based filtration	Affinity-based capture and RT-PCR analyses	T1DM	[63]

OLP oral lichen planus, RT-qPCR Realtime quantitative polymerase chain reaction, BS Behçet’s syndrome, TF + MPs tissue factor + MPs, PMPs platelet-derived MPs, T1DM type 1 diabetes mellitus, GAD65 glutamic acid decarboxylase 65