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. 2020 Nov 6;25(21):5164. doi: 10.3390/molecules25215164

Table 3.

Effects of cyanobacteria and microalgae on oral health: outcomes of the examined in vitro/in vivo studies, potential therapeutic applications, and related bibliographic references.

Species/Source Type of Study Results Potential Application Ref.
S. platensis extract containing Calcium spirulan (Ca-SP) In vitro Inhibition of HSV-1, Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpes virus, and human herpes virus 8. Prophylactic treatment of herpes viruses infections. [36]
S. fusiformis In vivo Complete regression of precancerous lesions in 45% of subjects. Chemopreventive therapy for tobacco-induced oral leucoplakia. [39]
Astaxanthin In vitro Decrease of IL-6 and TNF-α and increase of cell proliferation in oral lichen planus. Anti-inflammatory treatment for oral lichen planus. [40]
Astaxanthin In vivo Decrease of the incidence of oral pre-neoplastic lesions and cell proliferation activity in rats after 8 weeks of treatment. Prevention of 4-NQO-induced tongue carcinogenesis. [41,42]
S. platensis In vivo Decrease of dysplastic changes on hamsters’ buccal pouch after 14 weeks of treatment. Oral cancer preventive therapy. [43,44]
Spirulina-Dunaliella extract containing astaxanthin In vivo Inhibition of JAK-2/STAT-3 downstream events in hamster buccal pouch tumor progression. Oral cancer therapy. [45,46]
GM15 peptide from Spirulina Arthrospira platensis In vitro Scavenge of superoxide and hydroxyl radicals and reduction of intracellular oxidative stress. Antioxidant treatment for oral cancer. [47]
FAME extracted from S. intermedius In vitro Inhibition of S. aureus, S. mutans, B. cereus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, A. parasiticus, and C. albicans. Antimicrobial therapy against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and fungi. [54]
C. calcitrans, S. costatum, C. turgidus, and N. oceanica In vitro Inhibition of S. aureus, S. pyogenes, B. subtilis, S. costatum, and C. turgidus showed also antimycotic action. Antibiotics and fungicides. [55]
Acetone extracts of O. latevirens In vitro Inhibition of S. aureus, S. mutans, and C. albicans. Antibiotic and fungicide. [56]
Ethanol extracts of Phormidium corium In vitro Inhibition of M. mutans and S. aureus. Antibiotic. [56]
Extract of L. martensiana In vitro Inhibition of B. subtilis, S. aureus, E. coli. Antibiotic. [56]
Extract of C. minor and M. aeruginosa In vitro Inhibition of C. albicans. Fungicides. [56]
Silver nanoparticles biosynthesized from S. platensis extract In vitro Inhibition of S. mutans, E. faecalis, and S. aureus. Antibiotic. [60]
Locally derived S. platensis gel In vivo Beneficials in the treatment of chronic periodontitis. Co-adjuvant in the non-surgical treatment of periodontitis. [63]
Systemic astaxanthin administration In vivo Reduction of alveolar bone loss in ligature-induced periodontitis in rats. Treatment of periodontitis. [64]
Cyp, an Oscillatoria planktothrix FP1-derived lipopolysaccharide In vitro Inhibition of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-8 expression. Treatment of periodontitis. [67]
Systemic S. platensis administration In vivo Significant improvement in oral submucous fibrosis symptoms after 3 months of therapy. Adjuvant therapy in the management of oral submucous fibrosis. [69]
Systemic S. platensis administration in addition to corticosteroid injections In vivo Highly significant clinical improvements in oral submucous fibrosis after 3 months of therapy. Adjuvant therapy in the management of oral submucous fibrosis. [70]
Astaxanthin In vivo Increase of saliva flow after 72 weeks of treatment. Hyposalivation treatment. [72]
Astaxanthin In vitro and in vivo Increase of saliva flow and decrease of oxidative stress markers. Hyposalivation treatment. [73]
Chlorella-derived multicomponent supplementation In vivo Increase of saliva flow in subjects with lower levels of saliva secretion. Hyposalivation treatment. [74]
C. vulgaris extract in conjunction with amminosulphurate supplementation In vivo Reduction of Hg++, Ag, Sn, and Pb in subjects with long-term titanium dental implants and/or amalgam fillings. Heavy metal detoxyfing agents. [75]
Sodium alendronate incorporated into biosilica shells of cultured Thalassiosira weissflogii diatoms In vitro Decrease of metabolic activity of J774 osteoclast-like cells. Drug-carrier for bifosphonates. [76]