S. platensis extract containing Calcium spirulan (Ca-SP) |
In vitro |
Inhibition of HSV-1, Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpes virus, and human herpes virus 8. |
Prophylactic treatment of herpes viruses infections. |
[36] |
S. fusiformis
|
In vivo |
Complete regression of precancerous lesions in 45% of subjects. |
Chemopreventive therapy for tobacco-induced oral leucoplakia. |
[39] |
Astaxanthin |
In vitro |
Decrease of IL-6 and TNF-α and increase of cell proliferation in oral lichen planus. |
Anti-inflammatory treatment for oral lichen planus. |
[40] |
Astaxanthin |
In vivo |
Decrease of the incidence of oral pre-neoplastic lesions and cell proliferation activity in rats after 8 weeks of treatment. |
Prevention of 4-NQO-induced tongue carcinogenesis. |
[41,42] |
S. platensis
|
In vivo |
Decrease of dysplastic changes on hamsters’ buccal pouch after 14 weeks of treatment. |
Oral cancer preventive therapy. |
[43,44] |
Spirulina-Dunaliella extract containing astaxanthin |
In vivo |
Inhibition of JAK-2/STAT-3 downstream events in hamster buccal pouch tumor progression. |
Oral cancer therapy. |
[45,46] |
GM15 peptide from Spirulina Arthrospira platensis
|
In vitro |
Scavenge of superoxide and hydroxyl radicals and reduction of intracellular oxidative stress. |
Antioxidant treatment for oral cancer. |
[47] |
FAME extracted from S. intermedius
|
In vitro |
Inhibition of S. aureus, S. mutans, B. cereus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, A. parasiticus, and C. albicans. |
Antimicrobial therapy against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and fungi. |
[54] |
C. calcitrans, S. costatum, C. turgidus, and N. oceanica
|
In vitro |
Inhibition of S. aureus, S. pyogenes, B. subtilis, S. costatum, and C. turgidus showed also antimycotic action. |
Antibiotics and fungicides. |
[55] |
Acetone extracts of O. latevirens
|
In vitro |
Inhibition of S. aureus, S. mutans, and C. albicans. |
Antibiotic and fungicide. |
[56] |
Ethanol extracts of Phormidium corium
|
In vitro |
Inhibition of M. mutans and S. aureus. |
Antibiotic. |
[56] |
Extract of L. martensiana
|
In vitro |
Inhibition of B. subtilis, S. aureus, E. coli. |
Antibiotic. |
[56] |
Extract of C. minor and M. aeruginosa
|
In vitro |
Inhibition of C. albicans. |
Fungicides. |
[56] |
Silver nanoparticles biosynthesized from S. platensis extract |
In vitro |
Inhibition of S. mutans, E. faecalis, and S. aureus.
|
Antibiotic. |
[60] |
Locally derived S. platensis gel |
In vivo |
Beneficials in the treatment of chronic periodontitis. |
Co-adjuvant in the non-surgical treatment of periodontitis. |
[63] |
Systemic astaxanthin administration |
In vivo |
Reduction of alveolar bone loss in ligature-induced periodontitis in rats. |
Treatment of periodontitis. |
[64] |
Cyp, an Oscillatoria planktothrix FP1-derived lipopolysaccharide |
In vitro |
Inhibition of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-8 expression. |
Treatment of periodontitis. |
[67] |
Systemic S. platensis administration |
In vivo |
Significant improvement in oral submucous fibrosis symptoms after 3 months of therapy. |
Adjuvant therapy in the management of oral submucous fibrosis. |
[69] |
Systemic S. platensis administration in addition to corticosteroid injections |
In vivo |
Highly significant clinical improvements in oral submucous fibrosis after 3 months of therapy. |
Adjuvant therapy in the management of oral submucous fibrosis. |
[70] |
Astaxanthin |
In vivo |
Increase of saliva flow after 72 weeks of treatment. |
Hyposalivation treatment. |
[72] |
Astaxanthin |
In vitro and in vivo |
Increase of saliva flow and decrease of oxidative stress markers. |
Hyposalivation treatment. |
[73] |
Chlorella-derived multicomponent supplementation |
In vivo |
Increase of saliva flow in subjects with lower levels of saliva secretion. |
Hyposalivation treatment. |
[74] |
C. vulgaris extract in conjunction with amminosulphurate supplementation |
In vivo |
Reduction of Hg++, Ag, Sn, and Pb in subjects with long-term titanium dental implants and/or amalgam fillings. |
Heavy metal detoxyfing agents. |
[75] |
Sodium alendronate incorporated into biosilica shells of cultured Thalassiosira weissflogii diatoms |
In vitro |
Decrease of metabolic activity of J774 osteoclast-like cells. |
Drug-carrier for bifosphonates. |
[76] |