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. 2020 Nov 6;17(21):8193. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17218193

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Long-term exposure to PM2.5 induces nuclear translocation of Nrf2, which is regulated by JNK1/2. BEAS-2B cells were cultured in the presence of 100 µg/mL PM2.5 for 3 to 5 weeks, before final passage and re-exposure of cells to 100 µg/mL PM2.5 for the indicated time points (0–24 h). The JNK1/2 inhibitor SP600125 (5 µM), the p38 inhibitor SB203580 (10 µM) or the Akt inhibitor API-2 (5 µM) were added 1 h prior to the last PM2.5 re-exposure. (a,d,e) Translocated Nrf2 was detected in nuclear extracts by immunoblotting and normalized to histone deacetylase (HDAC)-2. (b,c) Phosphorylated JNK1/2 (pJNK1/2) and Akt (pAkt) were immunodetected in non-fractionated cell lysates and normalized to total amounts of JNK1/2, Akt, or GAPDH. Cells, cultured in the absence of PM2.5, served as controls (first lane). Inhibition of JNK1/2 decreased nuclear translocation of Nrf2. Representative blots of three different experiments are shown, except of (e) (n = 2).