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(a) Simplified equivalent circuit model of E. coli bacteria. The model is composed of components representing the electrolyte resistance and capacitance (Rm, Cm), the resistance and capacitance of the cell membrane (Rmem, Cmem) and the resistance of the cell interior (Rcyto). (b) Electric field penetration in polystyrene beads and in bacteria with different viability states at low and high frequencies.
