Table 1.
Details of studies on the prevalence of macroprolactinemia among patients with hyperprolactinemia, sorted by year.
| No | Author | Year | Country | Design | Age group | Sex | Specific Condition of hPRL | Method of PRL Detection | Method of Macroprolactin Detection | Cut off Recovery (%) | n hPRL | n mPRL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Larrea et al. [24] | 1985 | Mexico | cross-sectional | Adult | Female | No | RIA | GFC | - | 12 | 3 |
| 2 | Fahie-Wilson et al. [25] | 1997 | UK | cross-sectional | Adult | Both | No | FIA, EIA, CLIA | PEG 6000, GFC | - | 69 | 17 |
| 3 | Vieira et al. [26] | 1998 | Brazil | cross-sectional | Unspecified | Both | No | FIA | PEG 6000, GFC | 30 | 1220 | 513 |
| 4 | Olukoga et al. [27] | 1999 | UK | cross-sectional | Adult | Both | No | FIA | PEG 6000 | 40 | 188 | 29 |
| 5 | Blanco-Favela et al. [28] | 2001 | Mexico | cross-sectional | Teenage | Both | SLE patients | IRMA | PEG, Protein G Sepharose | - | 32 | 7 |
| 6 | Leaños-Miranda et al. [29] | 2001 | Mexico | cross-sectional | Unspecified | Both | SLE patients | IRMA | PEG 6000, GFC | - | 43 | 14 |
| 7 | Sánchez-Eixerés et al. [30] | 2001 | Spain | cross-sectional | Adult | Both | No | ECLIA | PEG 6000, GFC | 40 | 211 | 19 |
| 8 | Schiettecatte et al. [19] | 2001 | Belgium | cross-sectional | Unspecified | Both | No | ECLIA | PEG 6000, GFC | 50 | 175 | 38 |
| 9 | Leslie et al. [31] | 2001 | UK | cross-sectional | Adult | Female | No | FIA | PEG 6000 | 40 | 1225 | 322 |
| 10 | Smith et al. [32] | 2002 | UK | cross-sectional | Adult | Both | No | EIA, CLIA, ECLIA, IFMA | PEG, GFC | - | 300 | 71 |
| 11 | Hauache et al. [33] | 2002 | Brazil | cross-sectional | Adult | Both | No | FIA | PEG 6000, GFC | 30 | 113 | 52 |
| 12 | Sapin et al. [34] | 2002 | France | cross-sectional | All age | Male | No | CLIA, ECLIA | PEG 6000 | 40 | 34 | 14 |
| 13 | Vallette-Kasic et al. [35] | 2002 | France | cross-sectional | All age | Both | No | CLIA | GFC | - | 1106 | 106 |
| 14 | Toldy et al. [36] | 2003 | Hungary | cross-sectional | All age | Both | No | ECLIA | PEG 6000 | 40 | 270 | 62 |
| 15 | Strachan et al. [37] | 2003 | UK | cross-sectional | Adult | Both | No | CLIA | PEG 6000 | 50 | 273 | 58 |
| 16 | García Menéndez et al. [38] | 2003 | Spain | cross-sectional | Adult | Both | No | ECLIA | PEG 6000 | 50 | 195 | 39 |
| 17 | García et al. [39] | 2004 | Argentina | cross-sectional | Adult | Both | SLE patients | IRMA | PEG 6000, GFC | - | 34 | 7 |
| 18 | Escobar-Morreale et al. [40] | 2004 | USA | cross-sectional | Adult | Female | Hyperandrogenic | CLIA | PEG 6000 | 40 | 8 | 4 |
| 19 | Rivero et al. [41] | 2004 | Spain | cross-sectional | Adult | Both | No | CLIA | PEG 6000, GFC | 54 | 96 | 11 |
| 20 | Galoiu et al. [42] | 2005 | Romania | cross-sectional | Adult | Both | No | IRMA, ECLIA | GFC, protein A precipitation | - | 84 | 16 |
| 21 | Germano et al. [43] | 2005 | Italy | cross-sectional | Adult | Both | No | CLIA | PEG 6000 | 40 | 172 | 37 |
| 22 | Gibney et al. [18] | 2005 | Ireland | cross-sectional | Adult | Both | No | FIA | PEG 8000 | - | 2089 | 453 |
| 23 | Theunissen et al. [44] | 2005 | Belgium | cross-sectional | Adult | Both | No | EIA, RIA, ECLIA | PEG 6000 | 40 | 77 | 14 |
| 24 | Hattori et al. [45] | 2006 | Japan | cross-sectional | Teenage and adult | Both | No | ELISA | PEG 6000 | 40 | 159 | 18 |
| 25 | Alfonso et al. [46] | 2006 | USA | cross-sectional | Adult | Both | No | ECLIA | PEG | 50 | 82 | 40 |
| 26 | Álvarez-Vázquez et al. [47] | 2006 | Spain | cross-sectional | Teenage and adult | Both | No | CLIA | PEG 6000 | 75 | 228 | 22 |
| 27 | Rivas-Espinosa et al. [48] | 2006 | Mexico | others | Adult | Both | No | EIA | PEG 6000 | 50 | 30 | 7 |
| 28 | Donadio et al. [49] | 2007 | Italy | retrospective cohort | Adult | Both | No | FIA | PEG 6000 | 40 | 135 | 57 |
| 29 | Jokar et al. [50] | 2008 | Iran | cross-sectional | Teenage and adult | Both | SLE patients | RIA | PEG | 40 | 9 | 5 |
| 30 | Baǧdatoǧlu et al. [51] | 2008 | Turkey | cross-sectional | All age | Both | No | ECLIA | PEG 6000 | 40 | 124 | 13 |
| 31 | Vilar et al. [52] | 2008 | Brazil | cross-sectional | Adult | Both | No | CLIA, IRMA | PEG | 30 | 1234 | 115 |
| 32 | Alfadda et al. [53] | 2008 | Saudi Arabia | retrospective cohort | All age | Both | No | ECLIA | PEG 6000 | 40 | 156 | 10 |
| 33 | Jassam et al. [54] | 2009 | UK | cross-sectional | Adult | Both | No | CLIA | PEG 6000, GFC | 40 | 409 | 16 |
| 34 | Don-Wauchope et al. [55] | 2009 | South Africa | cross-sectional | All age | Both | No | CLIA | PEG 6000 | 60 | 170 | 48 |
| 35 | Hattori et al. [9] | 2010 | Japan | cross-sectional | Adult | Both | No | EIA | PEG 6000 | 40 | 292 | 44 |
| 36 | Anaforoglu et al. [56] | 2010 | Turkey | case-control | Adult | Female | No | CLIA | PEG 8000 | 40 | 34 | 14 |
| 37 | McCudden et al. [11] | 2010 | USA | cross-sectional | Adult | Female | No | CLIA | PEG 6000 | 40 | 120 | 20 |
| 38 | Gulcelik et al. [57] | 2010 | Turkey | cross-sectional | Adult | Both | No | CLIA | PEG | 40 | 174 | 76 |
| 39 | Taghipour et al. [58] | 2011 | Iran | cross-sectional | Adult | Both | No | ECLIA | PEG 6000 | 40 | 188 | 32 |
| 40 | Can et al. [10] | 2011 | Turkey | cross-sectional | Adult | Female | No | CLIA | PEG 6000 | 40 | 84 | 31 |
| 41 | Morteza et al. [59] | 2011 | Iran | longitudinal | Adult | Both | hPRL due to hypothalamus or stalk compression | IRMA | PEG | 40 | 37 | 3 |
| 42 | Thirunavakkarasu et al. [60] | 2012 | India | cross-sectional | Adult | Female | Infertility | ECLIA | PEG | 40 | 183 | 21 |
| 43 | Sari et al. [61] | 2012 | Turkey | cross-sectional | Adult | Both | Type 2 diabetes | ECLIA | PEG 8000 | 40 | 40 | 13 |
| 44 | Isik et al. [62] | 2012 | Turkey | cross-sectional | Adult | Both | No | CLIA | PEG 6000 | 40 | 337 | 88 |
| 45 | Tamer et al. [63] | 2012 | Turkey | cross-sectional | Adult | Female | No | ECLIA | PEG 6000 | 40 | 161 | 60 |
| 46 | Chawla et al. [64] | 2012 | Ethiopia | cross-sectional | Adult | Female | No | ECLIA | PEG, GFC | 40 | 100 | 34 |
| 47 | Lu et al. [65] | 2012 | Taiwan | cross-sectional | Adult | Both | No | IRMA | PEG 6000 | 40 | 70 | 15 |
| 48 | Kim et al. [66] | 2013 | Korea | cross-sectional | Adult | Both | Major depression on SSRI | CLIA | PEG 8000 | 52.8 | 6 | 0 |
| 49 | Leaños-Miranda et al. [67] | 2013 | Mexico | cross-sectional | Adult | Female | Gynecological disorder | EIA | PEG 6000, GFC | - | 326 | 57 |
| 50 | Alpañés et al. [68] | 2013 | Spain | cross-sectional | Adult | Female | No | CLIA | PEG 6000 | 40 | 16 | 2 |
| 51 | Radavelli-Bagatini et al. [69] | 2013 | Brazil | longitudinal | Adult | Female | No | IRMA | PEG 6000 | 40 | 32 | 9 |
| 52 | Jamaluddin et al. [70] | 2013 | Malaysia | cross-sectional | Adult | Both | No | CLIA | PEG 6000, GFC | 40 | 204 | 9 |
| 53 | Elenkova et al. [71] | 2013 | Bulgaria | case-control | Adult | Both | Prolactinoma | RIA | PEG 8000 | 40 | 131 | 10 |
| 54 | Whitehead et al. [72] | 2014 | Britain | cross-sectional | Unspecified | Both | No | CLIA | PEG 6000 | - | 175 | 26 |
| 55 | Hayashida et al. [73] | 2014 | Brazil | cross-sectional | Adult | Female | PCOS | FIA | PEG 6000 | 30 | 34 | 16 |
| 56 | Silva et al. [74] | 2014 | Portugal | cross-sectional | Unspecified | Both | No | ECLIA | PEG 6000 | 40 | 96 | 2 |
| 57 | Beda-Maluga et al. [75] | 2015 | Poland | cross-sectional | Adult | Both | No | CLIA | PEG, Ultrafiltration, GFC | 40 | 245 | 27 |
| 58 | Parlant-Pinet et al. [76] | 2015 | France | cross-sectional | Adult | Both | No | RIA, ECLIA | PEG 6000, GFC | 30 | 222 | 63 |
| 59 | Che Soh et al. [77] | 2016 | Malaysia | cross-sectional | Adult | Both | No | ECLIA | PEG 8000 | 40 | 133 | 9 |
| 60 | Chen et al. [78] | 2016 | China | cross-sectional | All age | Both | No | CLIA, ECLIA | PEG 6000, GFC | 60 | 122 | 38 |
| 61 | Hattori et al. [79] | 2016 | Japan | cross-sectional | Adult | Female | No | EIA, CLIA | PEG 6000, GFC | 40 | 37 | 2 |
| 62 | Akbulut et al. [80] | 2017 | Turkey | cross-sectional | Unspecified | Both | No | CLIA, ECLIA | PEG 6000 | 40 | 376 | 19 |
| 63 | Soto-Pedre et al. [81] | 2017 | UK | longitudinal | Unspecified | Both | No | CLIA, ECLIA | unknown | - | 1301 | 97 |
| 64 | Dogansen et al. [82] | 2018 | Turkey | cross-sectional | Adult | Both | Prolactinomas | ECLIA | PEG 6000 | 40 | 66 | 0 |
| 65 | Kalsi et al. [83] | 2018 | India | cross-sectional | Adult | Both | No | CLIA | PEG 6000 | 25 | 102 | 22 |
| 66 | Barth et al. [84] | 2018 | UK | cross-sectional | Unspecified | Both | No | CLIA | PEG 6000 | 60 | 672 | 36 |
| 67 | Ayan et al. [85] | 2019 | Turkey | cross-sectional | Adult | Both | No | ECLIA | PEG 6000 | 40 | 73 | 10 |
n: Number of patients with, RIA: Radioimmunoassay, FIA: Fluoroimmunoassay, CLIA: Chemiluminescence Immunoassay, ECLIA: Electrochemiluminescence Immunoassay, IRMA: Immunoradiometric Assay, IFMA: Immunofluorometric Assay, EIA: Enzyme Immunoassay, ELISA: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, PEG: Polyethylene glycol, GFC: Gel Filtration Chromatography, R: Recovery, SLE: Systemic lupus erythematosus, PCOS: Polycystic ovarian syndrome, hPRL: hyperprolactinemia, mPRL: macroprolactinemia, UK: United Kingdom, USA: United States of America.