Table 2.

Association Between Caregiving and Psychological Well-Being

	Model 1						Model 2						Model 3
	Depression			Life satisfaction			Depression			Life satisfaction			Depression			Life satisfaction
	b	SE	p	b	SE	p	b	SE	p	b	SE	p	b	SE	p	b	SE	p
Focal predictors
Caregiving	0.177	0.047	***	−0.089	0.065		0.113	0.053	*	−0.192	0.071	**	0.060	0.068		−0.218	0.093	*
Women							0.476	0.047	***	0.549	0.063	***	0.429	0.062	***	0.526	0.082	***
Caregiving × Women													0.104	0.091		0.052	0.121
Control variables
Age							−0.048	0.004	***	0.051	0.005	***	−0.048	0.004	***	0.051	0.005	***
Divorced							0.689	0.087	***	−2.737	0.120	***	0.689	0.087	***	−2.737	0.120	***
Widowed							0.658	0.092	***	−1.159	0.121	***	0.661	0.092	***	−1.158	0.121	***
Never married							0.617	0.106	***	−2.083	0.146	***	0.617	0.106	***	−2.083	0.146	***
Number of people in household							−0.034	0.027		−0.036	0.036		−0.034	0.027		−0.036	0.036
Number of children							−0.098	0.020	***	0.228	0.027	***	−0.098	0.020	***	0.228	0.027	***
Number of siblings							−0.049	0.011	***	0.089	0.014	***	−0.049	0.011	***	0.089	0.014	***
Rural							−0.305	0.067	***	0.701	0.087	***	−0.305	0.067	***	0.701	0.087	***
Urban/rural mixed							−0.213	0.107	*	0.333	0.146	*	−0.212	0.107	*	0.333	0.146	*
High school							−0.559	0.114	***	−0.015	0.146		−0.559	0.114	***	−0.015	0.146
Trades							−0.430	0.123	***	−0.010	0.156		−0.431	0.123	***	−0.011	0.156
Non-university							−0.662	0.114	***	0.084	0.145		−0.663	0.114	***	0.084	0.145
Bachelor’s degree							−1.071	0.114	***	0.565	0.146	***	−1.073	0.114	***	0.564	0.146	***
Above bachelor’s							−1.107	0.117	***	0.566	0.150	***	−1.109	0.117	***	0.565	0.150	***
$20,000 to $49,999							−1.573	0.142	***	2.422	0.184	***	−1.574	0.142	***	2.421	0.184	***
$50,000 to $99,999							−2.364	0.145	***	3.800	0.187	***	−2.365	0.145	***	3.800	0.187	***
$100,000 to $149,999							−2.801	0.154	***	4.850	0.201	***	−2.801	0.154	***	4.850	0.201	***
$150,000 and more							−3.210	0.159	***	6.062	0.206	***	−3.211	0.159	***	6.062	0.206	***
Income nonresponse							−1.767	0.170	***	3.266	0.219	***	−1.767	0.170	***	3.266	0.219	***
Full retirement							0.377	0.073	***	0.492	0.095	***	0.377	0.073	***	0.492	0.095	***
Partial retirement							0.015	0.082		0.565	0.107	***	0.015	0.082		0.564	0.107	***
Unemployed							2.006	0.141	***	−2.941	0.181	***	2.007	0.141	***	−2.941	0.181	***
Comprehensive survey							−0.001	0.048		−0.585	0.064	***	−0.001	0.048		−0.585	0.064	***
Multiple care recipients							0.113	0.070		0.046	0.093		0.112	0.070		0.046	0.093
Intercept	5.197	0.031	***	28.103	0.042	***	10.962	0.303	***	20.633	0.398	***	10.985	0.304	***	20.644	0.399	***
R2	0.0004			0.0000			0.0732			0.1287			0.0732			0.1287

Note: Metric coefficients are presented and estimates are based on survey estimates that apply sampling weights and take sampling strata into account. N = 48,648.

*p ≤ .05, **p ≤ .01, ***p ≤ .001 (two-tailed tests).