Table 5.
Operative details and in hospital outcomes of patients affected or non-affected by COVID submitted to surgical interventions in the Lombardy region, Italy, from 9 March to 28 April 2020
| Variable | All patients (n = 284) | COVID (n = 55) | Non-COVID (n = 229) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Timing of surgery | ||||
| Elective | 113 (39.8) | 15 (27.3) | 98 (42.8) | .046 |
| Urgent | 58 (20.4) | 1 (1.8) | 57 (24.9) | <.001 |
| Emergent | 113 (39.8) | 39 (70.1) | 74 (32.3) | <.001 |
| Duration of intervention – min∗ | 122.4 ± 88.1 | 112.4 ± 79.8 | 124.3 ± 89.7 | .37 |
| Intra-operative death | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.4) | 1.0 |
| Need of ICU | 23 (8.1) | 6 (10.1) | 17 (7.4) | .41 |
| Post-operative drugs regimen† | ||||
| Single antiplatelet | 101 (35.7) | 8 (14.5) | 93 (40.8) | <.001 |
| Double antiplatelet | 45 (15.9) | 4 (7.3) | 41 (18.0) | .063 |
| IV unfractionated heparin | 26 (9.2) | 13 (23.6) | 13 (5.7) | <.001 |
| Low molecular weight heparin | 111 (39.2) | 30 (54.5) | 81 (35.5) | .013 |
| Peri-operative (in hospital) mortality | 23 (8.1) | 11 (20.0) | 12 (5.2) | .001 |
| Primary clinical success | 223 (78.5) | 32 (58.2) | 191 (83.4) | <.001 |
| Early re-intervention | 29 (10.2) | 12 (21.8) | 17 (7.4) | .005 |
| Secondary clinical success | 228 (80.3) | 34 (61.8) | 194 (84.7) | <.001 |
| Patients experiencing one or more MAE | 58 (20.4) | 21 (38.2) | 37 (16.2) | <.001 |
| Neurological complications | 10 (3.5) | 1 (1.8) | 9 (3.9) | .69 |
| TIA | 3 (1.1) | 0 (0) | 3 (1.3) | 1.0 |
| Stroke | 5 (1.8) | 1 (1.8) | 4 (1.7) | 1.0 |
| Spinal cord ischaemia | 2 (0.7) | 0 (0) | 2 (0.9) | 1.0 |
| Cardiac complications | 12 (4.2) | 1 (1.8) | 11 (4.8) | .47 |
| 1. Little or no haemodynamic consequences | 2 (0.7) | 0 (0) | 2 (0.9) | 1.0 |
| 2. Symptomatic, IV medications, PTCA | 8 (2.8) | 1 (1.8) | 7 (3.1) | 1.0 |
| 3. Severe haemodynamic dysfunction, resuscitation, cardiac arrest, or fatal outcomes | 2 (0.7) | 0 (0) | 2 (0.9) | 1.0 |
| Pulmonary complications | 31 (10.9) | 17 (30.1) | 14 (6.1) | <.001 |
| 1. Prompt recovery with medical treatment | 7 (2.5) | 2 (3.6) | 5 (2.2) | .62 |
| 2. Prolonged hospitalisation or IV antibiotics | 11 (3.9) | 5 (9.1) | 6 (2.6) | .041 |
| 3. Prolonged intubation, tracheostomy, deterioration in pulmonary function, O2 dependence or fatal outcome | 13 (4.6) | 10 (18.2) | 3 (1.3) | <.001 |
| Renal complications | 24 (8.4) | 9 (16.4) | 15 (6.5) | .029 |
| 1. No dialysis, AKIN>2 | 12 (4.2) | 4 (7.3) | 8 (3.5) | .26 |
| 2. Temporary dialysis, prolonged hospitalisation, permanent impairment | 8 (2.8) | 4 (7.3) | 4 (1.7) | .048 |
| 3. Permanent dialysis, transplant or fatal outcome | 4 (1.4) | 1 (1.8) | 3 (1.3) | .58 |
| Bowel ischaemia | 4 (1.4) | 1 (1.8) | 3 (1.3) | .58 |
| 1. Recovered with IV or parenteral nutrition | 2 (0.7) | 1 (1.8) | 1 (0.4) | .35 |
| 2. Bowel resection or fatal outcome | 2 (0.7) | 0 (0) | 2 (0.9) | 1.0 |
| Secondary limb amputation | 23 (8.1) | 6 (10.9) | 17 (7.4) | .41 |
| 1. Major (thigh, leg) | 6 (2.1) | 3 (5.4) | 3 (1.3) | .089 |
| 2. Minor (forefoot, fingers/toes) | 17 (6.0) | 3 (5.4) | 14 (6.1) | 1.00 |
| Discharge from hospital | 218 (76.8) | 31 (56.4) | 187 (81.7) | <.001 |
| 1. Patient's home | 169 (59.5) | 22 (40.0) | 147 (64.2) | .001 |
| 2. Rehabilitation/facility | 49 (17.3) | 9 (16.4) | 40 (17.5) | 1.0 |
| Length of stay – days‡ | 4 (3–6) | 4 (3–8) | 4 (3–6) | .50 |
Data are presented as n (%), mean ± standard deviation, or median (interquartile range). ICU = intensive care unit; IV = intravenous; MAE = major adverse event; TIA = transient ischaemic attack; PTCA = percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty; AKIN = Acute Kidney Injury Network grading.
∗
Parametric test (Student t test) was used for comparison.
†
The patient who died intra-operatively is not considered.
‡
Non-parametric test (Mann–Whitney U Test) was used for comparison.