Table 1.

General characteristics of multicultural adolescents according to the 2012 Multicultural Adolescents Panel Study (MAPS) data (n = 1432).

Variables	Categories	n (%) or Mean ± SD	Observed Range	Possible Range
Individual characteristics
Gender	Boy	700 (48.9)
	Girl	732 (51.1)
Age (years)		10.97 ± 0.36
	10	105 (7.3)
	11	1267 (88.5)
	12	53 (3.7)
	13	6 (0.4)
	14	1 (0.1)
Geographic location	Metropolis	379 (26.5)
	Urban 1	650 (45.4)
	Rural	403 (28.1)
Monthly Household income (10,000 KRW; n = 1428)		218.92 ± 106.45	0–1000
Obesity	Yes	950 (66.3)
	No	482 (33.7)
Body satisfaction		17.69 ± 3.01	7–24	6-24
Academic achievement satisfaction		2.78 ± 0.77	1–4	1–4
Self-esteem		3.17 ± 0.55	1–4	1–4
Ego-resiliency		2.95 ± 0.47	1–4	1–4
Multicultural characteristics
Type of multicultural family	Immigrant father	56 (3.9)
	Immigrant mother	1376 (96.1)
Country of mother	Korea	56 (3.9)
	China	373 (26.0)
	South-East Asia	447 (31.2)
	Japan and others 2	556 (38.8)
Country of father (n = 1357)	Korea	1304 (96.1)
	China	3 (0.2)
	South-East Asia	6 (0.4)
	Japan and others 3	44 (3.2)
Immigrant parents’ Korean proficiency		3.14 ± 0.57	1–4	1–4
Multicultural adolescents’ Korean proficiency		3.63 ± 0.50	1.5–4	1–4
Acculturation stress		14.43 ± 3.66	10–34	10-40
Environmental characteristics
Family support		3.18 ± 0.59	1–4	1-4
Parenting attitude (neglect)		1.85 ± 0.55	1–3.43	1-4
Peer support		3.89 ± 0.84	1–5	1–5
Bullying experience (victim)		1.12 ± 0.35	1–4	1–4
Teacher support		3.66 ± 0.89	1–5	1–5
School adaptation (learning)		2.93 ± 0.49	1–4	1–4
Outcome
Depressive symptoms	2012	16.02 ± 5.26	10–40	10–40
	2013 (n = 1423)	16.08 ± 5.27	10–40
	2014 (n = 1361)	16.40 ± 5.34	10–37
	2015 (n = 1327)	16.94 ± 5.36	10–40
	2016 (n = 1309)	17.15 ± 5.36	10–40
	2017 (n = 1241)	17.40 ± 5.52	10–38

¹ city except metropolis; ² Japan = 484, others = 72; ³ Japan = 18, others = 26.