Table 1.
Clinical characteristics, laboratory data and imaging findings at intensive care unit admission. Data are median with interquartile range (IQR) or absolute numbers and percentage (%). COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Bpm, beats per minute; PaO2/FiO2, ratio of arterial oxygen pressure to inspired oxygen fraction breathing room air; CT, chest tomography; HU, Hounsfield Units; US, ultrasound; DTF, diaphragmatic thickening fraction.
| Characteristics | All patients (27) | CPAP success (18) | CPAP failure (9) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 66 (57−73) | 61 (57−68) | 71 (50−74) | 0.433 |
| Male sex | 23 (85 %) | 16 (89 %) | 7 (78 %) | 0.582 |
| SAPS | 21 (18−26) | 21 (17−24) | 23 (20−30) | 0.275 |
| RASS | 0 | 0 | 0 | – |
| KMS | 2 | 2 | 2 | – |
| Coexisting disorders | ||||
| Cardiovascular disease | 8 (29) | 5 (28) | 3 (33) | 0.550 |
| Hypertension | 14 (50) | 7 (39) | 6 (67) | 0.236 |
| COPD | 3 (11) | 3 (17) | 0 (0) | 0.529 |
| Diabetes | 3 (11) | 2 (11) | 1 (11) | 0.750 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 2 (7) | 1 (6) | 1 (11) | 0.564 |
| Solid cancer | 2 (7) | 2 (11) | 0 (0) | 0.538 |
| Vital signs | ||||
| Temperature (°C) | 36.6 (36−37) | 36.8 (36−37) | 36 (36−37) | 0.433 |
| SpO2 (%) | 98(97−100) | 98 (97−99) | 99 (96−100) | 0.403 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 74 (66−91) | 73 (65−89) | 84 (66−100) | 0.463 |
| Respiratory rate (breath/min) | 24 (20−26) | 22 (20−24) | 28 (24−29) | 0.004 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 137 (124−149) | 135 (123−148) | 147 (124−151) | 0.403 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 70 (61−83) | 71 (61−84) | 63 (58−82) | 0.433 |
| PaO2/FiO2 ratio (mmHg) | 195 (168−246) | 195 (167−269) | 196 (165−243) | 0.820 |
| P(A-a)O2 | 215 (196−243) | 217(196−244) | 205 (185−311) | 0.887 |
| pH | 7.45 (7.33−7.47) | 7.46 (7.43−7.47) | 7.41 (7.33−7.46) | 0.043 |
| PaO2 (mmHg) | 96 (81−117) | 94 (72−117) | 98 (92−117) | 0.298 |
| PaCO2(mmHg) | 38 (36−43) | 37 (35−39) | 49 (39−65) | 0.007 |
| HCO3 (mEq/L) | 25 (24−29) | 25 (24.6−27.8) | 27 (22−32) | 0.900 |
| BE | 3 (1−5) | 3.4 (1.1−5.1) | 1.4 (-6 – 6) | 0.403 |
| Lactate (mmol/L) | 1.1 (0.7−1.4) | 1.1 (0.8−1.4) | 1.1 (0.7−1.9) | 0.703 |
| Quantitative CT | ||||
| Mean lung density (HU) | −692 (-652; -751) | −703 (-665; -757) | −663 (-592; -734) | 0.145 |
| Diaphragmatic US | ||||
| DTF (%) | 27 (17−30) | 27 (25−31) | 12 (10−18) | <0.001 |
Data are median with interquartile range (IQR) or absolute numbers and percentage (%). COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Bpm, beats per minute; PaO2/FiO2, ratio of arterial oxygen pressure to inspired oxygen fraction breathing room air; P(A-a)O2, alveolo-arterial oxygen gradient; CT, chest tomography; HU, Hounsfield Units; US, ultrasound; DTF, diaphragmatic thickening fraction.