. 2019 Aug 26;2(2):72–79. doi: 10.1136/bmjnph-2019-000030

Table 4.

ORs and 95% CI for changes in residential greenness and in cognitive function

Changes in NDVI	Participants	A decrease in MMSE*		An increase in MMSE†
	N, %	11 241 (56.99)		6252 (31.69)
	N, %	OR (95% CI)	P value	OR (95% CI)	P value
Positive change in NDVI	9997 (50.68)	Reference	/	Reference	/
Negative change in NDVI	9729 (49.32)	1.25 (1.18 to 1.34)	<0.001	0.90 (0.84 to 0.96)	<0.001

A decrease in MMSE was defined as lower MMSE score at the final survey than at the baseline, while an increase in MMSE indicated higher MMSE score at the final survey. Additionally, all the regression models were adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, marital status, urban/rural residence, education, occupation, financial support, social and leisure activity, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity and MMSE score at baseline.

*Reference group: Participants without changes in MMSE or had an increase in MMSE during the follow-up period.

†Reference group: Participants without changes in MMSE or had a decrease in MMSE during the follow-up period.

MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; NDVI, Normalised Difference Vegetation Index.