TABLE 2.
Intervention-related changes in primary outcomes.
| AE vs Controls | CCT vs Control | COMB vs Control | |
| B (95%CI), | B (95%CI), | B (95%CI), | |
| SMD, p-value | SMD, p-value | SMD, p-value | |
| Executive function | 0.16 (−0.14, 0.45), SMD = 0.17, p = 0.296 |
0.03 (−0.27, 0.33), SMD = 0.03, p = 0.849 |
0.15 (−0.16, 0.46), SMD = 0.16, p = 0.331 |
| Flexibility | −0.71 (−1.29, −0.13), SMD = −0.33, p = 0.016* |
−0.23 (−0.81, 0.36), SMD = −0.10, p = 0.445 |
−0.21 (−0.83, 0.42), SMD = −0.09, p = 0.509 |
| Fluency | 0.42 (−0.02, 0.87), SMD = 0.29, p = 0.063 |
0.13 (−0.33, 0.58), SMD = 0.08, p = 0.588 |
0.14 (−0.34, 0.61), SMD = 0.09, p = 0.571 |
| Inhibition | −0.10 (−0.69, 0.50), SMD = −0.04, p = 0.749 |
−0.17 (−0.78, 0.45) SMD = −0.08, p = 0.592 |
0.20 (−0.44, 0.84), SMD = 0.09, p = 0.540 |
| Working memory | 0.63 (0.04, 1.23), SMD = 0.29, p = 0.037* |
0.47 (−0.14, 1.09), SMD = 0.21, p = 0.127 |
0.52 (−0.13, 1.17), SMD = 0.22, p = 0.113 |
| Visuospatial function | −0.31 (−0.89, 0.27), SMD = −0.14, p = 0.294 |
−0.08 (−0.67, 0.52), SMD = −0.04, p = 0.795 |
−0.14 (−0.77, 0.49), SMD = −0.06, p = 0.654 |
| Language | 0.11 (−0.43, 0.66), SMD = 0.05, p = 0.683 |
−0.19 (−0.74, 0.37), SMD = −0.09, p = 0.503 |
−0.28 (−0.87, 0.31), SMD = −0.12, p = 0.353 |
| Attention-Speed | 0.31 (0.01, 0.61), SMD = 0.31, p = 0.042* |
0.16 (−0.15, 0.46), SMD = 0.15, p = 0.316 |
0.34 (0.01, 0.66), SMD = 0.30, p = 0.041* |
| Attention | 0.46 (0.05, 0.88), SMD = 0.33, p = 0.028* |
0.27 (−0.15, 0.70), SMD = 0.19, p = 0.202 |
0.46 (0.01, 0.90), SMD = 0.30, p = 0.043* |
| Speed | 0.28 (−0.02, 0.59), SMD = 0.28, p = 0.068 |
0.13 (−0.18, 0.43) SMD = 0.12, p = 0.411 |
0.33 (0.01, 0.66), SMD = 0.30, p = 0.044* |
| Memory | 0.10 (−0.29, 0.49), SMD = 0.08, p = 0.602 |
−0.03 (−0.43, 0.37) SMD = −0.03, p = 0.869 |
−0.04 (−0.46, 0.38), SMD = −0.03, p = 0.852 |
| Visual memory | −0.40 (−1.01, 0.20), SMD = −0.19, p = 0.189 |
−0.16 (−0.78, 0.46), SMD = −0.07, p = 0.607 |
0.32 (−0.33, 0.97) SMD = 0.14, p = 0.331 |
| Verbal memory | 0.39 (−0.11, 0.89), SMD = 0.22, p = 0.127 |
0.07 (−0.45, 0.58), SMD = 0.04, p = 0.798 |
−0.21 (−0.75, 0.33), SMD = −0.11, p = 0.444 |
| Global cognitive function | 0.12 (−0.07, 0.32), SMD = −0.20, p = 0.218 |
0.02 (−0.18, 0.21) SMD = 0.03, p = 0.872 |
0.12 (−0.09, 0.32), SMD = 0.18, p = 0.259 |
Note: AE, aerobic exercise group; CCT, computerized cognitive training; COMB, combined group; SPA, sportive physical activity; NS-PA, non-sportive physical activity; Total-PA, total physical activity; CRF, cardiorespiratory fitness. SMD = β. Positive SMD values favor AE or CCT or COMB vs Control group. Covariates: sex, age, years of education, and baseline. *p < 0.05.