Table 3.
Effects of 3-n PUFA supplementation on adipokines, myokines, and cardiokines.
| Type of Intervention | Biological Action | Adipo-myo-cardiokines | Type of Study |
|---|---|---|---|
| EPA-DHA + lifestyle modifications | ↓inflammatory state ↑metabolic state |
=leptin levels | Obese women a |
| Omega-3 + lifestyle modifications | ↓insulin resistance ↓endothelial dysfunction | ↓leptin levels | Obese adolescents a |
| Linolenic acid | ↑cardiometabolic parameters ↓inflammatory state |
↓leptin levels | Obese-diabetic mice a |
| 3-n PUFA | ↑cardiometabolic state ↓inflammatory state |
↓leptin levels | Obese mice a |
| ↑insulin sensitivity, improve blood pressure | ↑irisin levels | T2DM patients b | |
| ↑heart failure | ↓BNP levels | Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials c | |
| ↓inflammatory state | ↓follistatin-like 1 levels | Patients with coronary artery disease d | |
| 2-hydroxyoleic acid (2-OHOA) and n-3 PUFA | ↑body composition ↑cardioprotection mechanims | ↑adiponectin levels | Obese mice e |
| EPA | ↑insulin signaling | ↑apelin levels | Lean/obese mice f |
| ↑insulin signaling in adipose tissue | ↑apelin levels | Lean/overweight rats f |
Legend: a See Section 2.2; b see Section 5.2; c see Section 6.2; d see Section 7.2; e see Section 3.2; f see Section 4.2.